Understanding Student Engagement in Hybrid Learning : An Analysis Impact Digital Literacy and Academic Self-Efficacy
Abstract
This study analyzes student engagement in hybrid learning by analyzing digital literacy and academic self-efficacy. This study used a quantitative approach with the survey as a data collection method. The population in this study was 370 students, the faculty of teacher training and education at state universities in Jakarta, and private universities in Banten and Lampung. The sampling technique used was proportional random sampling, obtained by 105 respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationship between constructs. The results of this study state that Digital literacy and academic self-efficacy play an important role in creating student engagement in hybrid learning. The ability of students to use digital learning resources will support active participation in the learning process. A high academic level of self-efficacy also helps them to be able to have confidence and perseverance during the learning process. Digital literacy and academic self-efficacy will bring students to be actively involved in the digital learning environment and play an essential role in shaping or maintaining student motivation and persistence in learning. Students' engagement levels can be increased by increasing their ability to use digital technology effectively and increasing their confidence that they can achieve their desired academic goals.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ahmed, S., & Roche, T. (2022). Digital Literacy and Academic Staff in an English Medium Instruction University: A Case Study. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT), 12(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJCALLT.301197
Al-Abyadh, M. H. A., & Abdel Azeem, H. A. H. (2022). Academic Achievement: Influences of University Students’ Self-Management and Perceived Self-Efficacy. Journal of Intelligence, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence10030055
Al Mamun, M. A., & Lawrie, G. (2023). Student-content interactions: Exploring behavioural engagement with self-regulated inquiry-based online learning modules. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-022-00221-x
Al Shlowiy, A. (2022). Teachers’ Reflection of Students’ Engagement in Online Language Learning: Multi-case Study. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 8(2), 285–295. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.8.2.285
Alanoglu, M., Aslan, S., & Karabatak, S. (2022). Do teachers’ educational philosophies affect their digital literacy? The mediating effect of resistance to change. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 3447–3466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10753-3
Aldaghri, A. A., & Oraif, I. M. (2022). the Impact of Online Teaching on Students’ Engagement in Writing During the Pandemic of Covid-19. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 23(3), 216–229. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.1137290
Ali, A. D., & Hanna, W. K. (2021). Predicting Students’ Achievement in a Hybrid Environment Through Self-Regulated Learning, Log Data, and Course Engagement: A Data Mining Approach. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(4), 960–985. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331211056178
Alnasib, B. N. M. (2023). Digital Competencies: Are Pre-Service Teachers Qualified for Digital Education? International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology, 11(1), 96–114. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijemst.2842
Andres, H. (2020). The role of active teaching, academic self-efficacy, and learning behaviors in student performance. Journal of International Education in Business, 13(2), 221–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-02-2020-0017
Ar, B., Management, H. R., Citation, S., Journal, C., Science, E., Dunya, B., Arastirma, Y., & Merkezi, Y. (2022). Cypriot Journal of Educational Digitalization in education. 17(5), 1799–1811.
Ariani, D. W. (2022). How achievement goals affect students’ well-being and the relationship model between achievement goals, academic self-efficacy and affect at school. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(1), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-08-2020-0273
Audrin, C., & Audrin, B. (2022). Key factors in digital literacy in learning and education: a systematic literature review using text mining. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 7395–7419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10832-5
Babin, J. J., Feld, T., Harriger-Lin, J., & Mitchell, K. (2022). The best of both worlds? A controlled comparison of hybrid and online economics student outcomes. Journal of Education for Business, 97(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2021.1887793
Bamoallem, B., & Altarteer, S. (2022). Remote emergency learning during COVID-19 and its impact on university students perception of blended learning in KSA. Education and Information Technologies, 27(1), 157–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10660-7
Barnhart, C. R., Li, L., & Thompson, J. (2022). Learning whiplash: Chinese College EFL learners’ perceptions of sudden online learning. E-Learning and Digital Media, 19(3), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530211022922
Bedebayeva, M., Grinshkun, V., Kadirbayeva, R., Zhamalova, K., & Suleimenova, L. (2022). A blended learning approach for teaching computer science in high schools. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(7), 2235–2246. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i7.7693
Bessadok, A., Abouzinadah, E., & Rabie, O. (2023). Exploring students digital activities and performances through their activities logged in learning management system using educational data mining approach. Interactive Technology and Smart Education, 20(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITSE-08-2021-0148
Bozgun, K., & Baytemir, K. (2021). Academic Self Efficacy and Dispositional Hope as Predictors of Academic Procrastination: The Mediating Effect of Academic Intrinsic Motivation. Participatory Educational Research, 9(3), 296–314. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.67.9.3
Bruggeman, B., Hidding, K., Struyven, K., Pynoo, B., Garone, A., & Tondeur, J. (2022). Negotiating teacher educators’ beliefs about blended learning: Using stimulated recall to explore design choices. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(2), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.7175
Burch, G. F., Heller, N. A., Burch, J. J., Freed, R., & Steed, S. A. (2015). Student Engagement: Developing a Conceptual Framework and Survey Instrument. Journal of Education for Business, 90(4), 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2015.1019821
Calaguas, N. P., & Consunji, P. M. P. (2022a). A structural equation model predicting adults’ online learning self-efficacy. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6233–6249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10871-y
Calaguas, N. P., & Consunji, P. M. P. (2022b). A structural equation model predicting adults’ online learning self-efficacy. Education and Information Technologies, 27(5), 6233–6249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10871-y
Carretero, S., Vuorikari, R., & Punie, Y. (2017). The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens With Eight. In Publications Office of the European Union (Issue May). https://doi.org/10.2760/38842
Cents-Boonstra, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Lara, M. M., & Denessen, E. (2022). Patterns of motivating teaching behaviour and student engagement: a microanalytic approach. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37(1), 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-021-00543-3
Cevikbas, M., & Kaiser, G. (2022). Student Engagement in a Flipped Secondary Mathematics Classroom. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 20(7), 1455–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-021-10213-x
Chaka, C., Nkhobo, T., & Lephalala, M. (2022). Leveraging Student Engagement through MS Teams at an Open and Distance E-learning Institution. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 9(3), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.20448/jeelr.v9i3.4102
Chiu, T. K. F. (2022). Applying the self-determination theory (SDT) to explain student engagement in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S14–S30. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891998
Damrongpanit, S. (2022). European Journal of Educational Research. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(3), 1075–1088. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Suntonrapot-Damrongpanit/publication/356662582_Effects_of_Mindset_Democratic_Parenting_Teaching_and_School_Environment_on_Global_Citizenship_of_Ninth-grade_Students/links/61a6dda685c5ea51abc0f7b6/Effects-of-Mindset-Dem
De León, L., Corbeil, R., & Corbeil, M. E. (2021). The development and validation of a teacher education digital literacy and digital pedagogy evaluation. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1974988
Deng, W., Lei, W., Guo, X., Li, X., Ge, W., & Hu, W. (2022). Effects of regulatory focus on online learning engagement of high school students: The mediating role of self-efficacy and academic emotions. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38(3), 707–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12642
Edeh, N. C., Amedu, A. N., & Eseadi, C. (2022). Assessing Gender Differences in Teachers’ Digital Literacy Skills for Assisting Students with Functional Diversity. Online Submission, 14(05), 7952–7958. https://doi.org/10.9756/INTJECSE/V14I5.1021
ElSayary, A., Mohebi, L., & Meda, L. (2022). the Impact of the Relationship of Social/Emotional, Cognitive, and Behavioral Engagements on Developing Preservice Teachers’ Digital Competencies. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 21, 269–295. https://doi.org/10.28945/4982
Fakhrou, A., & Habib, L. H. (2021). The Relationship between Academic Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement in Students of the Department of Special Education. International Journal of Higher Education, 11(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v11n2p1
Fatima, S., Ali, M., & Saad, M. I. (2022). The effect of students’ conceptions of feedback on academic self-efficacy and self-regulation: evidence from higher education in Pakistan. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(1), 180–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-07-2020-0209
Foster-Hartnett, D., Mwakalundwa, G., Bofenkamp, L., Patton, L., Nguyen, R., & Goodman-Mamula, P. (2022). Beyond the Traditional Classroom: Increased Course Structure and Cooperative Learning Remove Differences in Achievement between Students in an In-Person versus Hybrid Microbiology Course. CBE Life Sciences Education, 21(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1187/CBE.21-01-0007
Gebre, E. (2022). Conceptions and perspectives of data literacy in secondary education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(5), 1080–1095. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13246
Ghani, S., & Taylor, M. (2021). Blended learning as a vehicle for increasing student engagement. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2021(167), 43–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20458
Gökdaş, F., & Çam, A. (2022). Examination of Digital Literacy Levels of Science Teachers in the Distance Education Process. Educational Policy Analysis and Strategic Research, 17(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.29329/epasr.2022.442.9
Günüç, S., Yiğit, E., Artun, H., & Okur, M. (2022). Examining the Relationships between Student Engagement, Campus Facilities, and Technology Integration among Elementary Teacher Candidates. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 9(2), 336–351. https://doi.org/10.53400/mimbar-sd.v9i2.42884
Hayes. A.F. (2018). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis : A Regression Based Approach”. 2nd. New York : The Guilford Press
Händel, M., Bedenlier, S., Kopp, B., Gläser-Zikuda, M., Kammerl, R., & Ziegler, A. (2022). The webcam and student engagement in synchronous online learning: visually or verbally? Education and Information Technologies, 27(7), 10405–10428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11050-3
Hood, S., Barrickman, N., Djerdjian, N., Farr, M., Magner, S., Roychowdhury, H., Gerrits, R., Lawford, H., Ott, B., Ross, K., Paige, O., Stowe, S., Jensen, M., & Hull, K. (2021). “I Like and Prefer to Work Alone”: Social Anxiety, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Students’ Perceptions of Active Learning. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 20(1), ar12. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-12-0271
Kara, M. (2022). Revisiting online learner engagement: exploring the role of learner characteristics in an emergency period. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S236–S252. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1891997
Kazu, İ. Y., Kurtoğlu, C., Ii, Y., İbrahim, -------------------------------I, Kazu, Y., & Prof, A. (2022). Investigation of the Effectiveness of Hybrid Learning on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. Cemre Kurtoğlu Yalçın, English Teacher, Ministry of National Education International Journal of Progressive Education, 18(1), 2022. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.426.14
Khan, N., Sarwar, A., Chen, T. B., & Khan, S. (2022). Connecting digital literacy in higher education to the 21st century workforce. Knowledge Management and E-Learning, 14(1), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2022.14.004
Kurt, G., Atay, D., & Öztürk, H. A. (2022). Student engagement in K12 online education during the pandemic: The case of Turkey. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 54(sup1), S31–S47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2021.1920518
Le, B., Lawrie, G. A., & Wang, J. T. H. (2022). Student Self-perception on Digital Literacy in STEM Blended Learning Environments. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 31(3), 303–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-022-09956-1
Malik, S., Hazarika, D. D., & Dhaliwal, A. (2022). Deliverables of student engagement: developing an outcome-oriented model. Journal of International Education in Business, 15(2), 221–249. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIEB-02-2020-0012
Migalang, G. M. M., & Azuelo, A. G. (2020). Students’ Cognitive Learning and Motivation through Hybrid Instructional Strategy. Journal of Science and Mathematics Education in Southeast Asia, 43(December), 1–8.
Morgan, A., Sibson, R., & Jackson, D. (2022). Digital demand and digital deficit: conceptualising digital literacy and gauging proficiency among higher education students. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 44(3), 258–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360080X.2022.2030275
Ng, B. J. M., Han, J. Y., Kim, Y., Togo, K. A., Chew, J. Y., Lam, Y., & Fung, F. M. (2022). Supporting Social and Learning Presence in the Revised Community of Inquiry Framework for Hybrid Learning. Journal of Chemical Education, 99(2), 708–714.
Oliveras-Ortiz, Y., Bouillion, D. E., & Asbury, L. (2020). Learning Spaces Matter: Student Engagement in New Learning Environments. Journal of Education, 201(3), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022057420908062
Omboto, C. M., Kanga, A., & Njageh, A. R. K. (2022). Myth or Reality: Digital Literacy Programme Implementation in Primary Special Schools in Nairobi, Kenya. European Journal of Education, 8616(December), 51–66. https://revistia.org/index.php/ejed/article/view/5953
ÖZYETER, N. T., & KUTLU, Ö. (2022). Adaptation of the Children’s Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(2), 430–450. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.958871
Parmaksız, İ. (2022). The mediating role of personality traits on the relationship between academic self-efficacy and digital addiction. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 8883–8902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-10996-8
Parmaksız, İ. (2023). The effect of phubbing, a behavioral problem, on academic procrastination: The mediating and moderating role of academic self-efficacy. Psychology in the Schools, 60(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22765
Plailek, T., Essien, A. M., & Sawangdee, Y. (2022). Enhancement of Undergraduate Students’ Competency in Creating English Learning Innovation through Hybrid Learning with Peer Coaching. Journal of Educational Issues, 8(1), 250. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i1.19600
Raes, A., Detienne, L., Windey, I., & Depaepe, F. (2020). A systematic literature review on synchronous hybrid learning: gaps identified. Learning Environments Research, 23(3), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-019-09303-z
Rahimi, A. R., & Tafazoli, D. (2022). The role of university teachers’ 21st-century digital competence in their attitudes toward ICT integration in higher education: Extending the theory of planned behavior. JALT CALL Journal, 18(2), 238–263. https://doi.org/10.29140/jaltcall.v18n2.632
Reddy, P., Sharma, B., & Chaudhary, K. (2022). Digital literacy: a review in the South Pacific. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 34(1), 83–108.
Riggs, R. (2022). The Digital Literacy Action Plan: A Strategy for Differentiation and Learner Agency in Digital Literacy Instruction. Adult Literacy Education: The International Journal of Literacy, Language, and Numeracy, 4(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.35847/rriggs.4.1.36
Rioch, K. E., & Tharp, J. L. (2022). Relationships Between Online Student Engagement Practices and GPA Among RN-to-BSN Students. Online Learning Journal, 26(2), 198–217. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v26i2.2680
Rukayah, R., Andayani, A., & Syawaludin, A. (2022). Learner’s needs of interactive multimedia based on hybrid learning for TISOL program. Journal of Language and Linguistic …, 18(1), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.52462/jlls.207
Salimi, G., Heidari, E., Mohammadjani, M., & Mousavi, A. (2022). Structural relationship of academic self-efficacy, mobile learning readiness, and academic performance among graduate students: a mediation study. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2146142
Schmidt, L. J., & DeSchryver, M. (2021). The Role of Digital Application Literacy in Online Assessment. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 50(3), 356–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395211052644
Siripan, P., & Noirid, S. (2022). Components and Indicators of Digital Teacher Competency in Schools under the Provincial Administration Organization. Journal of Educational Issues, 8(2), 855. https://doi.org/10.5296/jei.v8i2.20320
Sun, J. C.-Y., Ye, S.-L., Yu, S.-J., & Chiu, T. K. F. (2023). Effects of Wearable Hybrid AR/VR Learning Material on High School Students’ Situational Interest, Engagement, and Learning Performance: the Case of a Physics Laboratory Learning Environment. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32(1), 1–12.
Suryaratri, R. D., Komalasari, G., & Medellu, G. I. (2022). The Role of Academic Self-Efficacy and Social Support in Achieving Academic Flow in Online Learning. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 6(1), 164–177. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.345
Suwantarathip, O. (2019). Predictors of students’ satisfaction with a hybrid English course. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(1), 115–130.
Tani, M., Gheith, M. H., & Papaluca, O. (2021). Drivers of student engagement in higher education: a behavioral reasoning theory perspective. Higher Education, 82(3), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00647-7
Tømte, C. E., Fossland, T., Aamodt, P. O., & Degn, L. (2019). Digitalisation in higher education: mapping institutional approaches for teaching and learning. Quality in Higher Education, 25(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2019.1603611
Tran, V. D. (2022). Perceived satisfaction and effectiveness of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic: the moderating effect of academic self-efficacy. Higher Education Pedagogies, 7(1), 107–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/23752696.2022.2113112
Tualaulelei, E., Burke, K., Fanshawe, M., & Cameron, C. (2021). Mapping pedagogical touchpoints: Exploring online student engagement and course design. Active Learning in Higher Education, 23(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787421990847
Tuyet Phan, N. T., & Chen, C.-H. (2022). Taiwanese engineering students’ self-efficacy and academic performance. Arab World English Journal, 2, 426–436.
van Zyl, L. E., Klibert, J., Shankland, R., See-To, E. W. K., & Rothmann, S. (2022). The General Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Psychometric Properties, Longitudinal Invariance, and Criterion Validity. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(6), 777–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829221097174
Veerasamy, A. K., Laakso, M. J., & D’Souza, D. (2022). Formative Assessment Tasks as Indicators of Student Engagement for Predicting At-risk Students in Programming Courses. Informatics in Education, 21(2), 375–393. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2022.15
Wallace, J., Scanlon, D., & Calderón, A. (2022). Digital technology and teacher digital competency in physical education: a holistic view of teacher and student perspectives. Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2022.2106881
Wang, C.-J. (2023). Learning and Academic Self-efficacy in Self-regulated Learning: Validation Study with the BOPPPS Model and IRS Methods. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 32(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00630-5
Wei, Y., Shi, Y., MacLeod, J., & Yang, H. H. (2022). Exploring the Factors That Influence College Students’ Academic Self-Efficacy in Blended Learning: A Study From the Personal, Interpersonal, and Environmental Perspectives. SAGE Open, 12(2), 21582440221104816. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221104815
Wong, W. L., & Yuen, K. A. (2023). Online Learning Stress and Chinese College Students’ Academic Coping during COVID-19: The Role of Academic Hope and Academic Self-Efficacy. The Journal of Psychology, 157(2), 95–120. Xu, R., & Jia, X. (2022). An Investigation Into Chinese EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Stress as Predictors of Engagement and Emotional Exhaustion. SAGE Open, 12(2), 21582440221093344. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221093342
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v9i3.7947
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Kependidikan : Jurnal Hasil Penelitian dan Kajian Kepustakaan di Bidang Pendidikan, Pengajaran, dan Pembelajaran
E-ISSN: 2442-7667
Published by LPPM Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika
Email: [email protected]
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.