Phytochemistry and Toxicity of Methanol Extract of Duranta Erecta Fruit (sky flower) against Artemia Salina

Authors

  • Aisyah Nur Halimah Bachelor Study Program in Chemistry Education, Faculty of Tencher Training and Education, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
  • Pinkan Delima Ediyono Bachelor Study Program in Chemistry Education, Faculty of Tencher Training and Education, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
  • Usman Master Study Program of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education. Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i5.21389

Keywords:

Duranta erecta, Toxicity, BLST, LC₅₀, Artemia salina

Abstract

This study aimed to identify secondary metabolites and evaluate the toxicity of methanolic extract of Duranta erecta fruit against Artemia salina larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The dried fruit sample was extracted through maceration using methanol for three consecutive 24-hour periods, followed by solvent evaporation using a rotary evaporator. Phytochemical screening was conducted to identify alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and steroids. Toxicity testing was performed at concentrations of 100–700 ppm in triplicate, and the LC₅₀ value was determined using probit analysis. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, whereas alkaloids, terpenoids, and steroids were not detected. Larval mortality increased with increasing extract concentration, reaching 100% at 600–700 ppm. Probit analysis yielded an average LC₅₀ value of 334.73 ± 10.38µg/mL, indicating high toxicity in the BSLT assay. The novelty of this study lies in the combined phytochemical characterization and toxicity assessment of methanolic Duranta erecta fruit extract, providing preliminary data on its secondary metabolite profile and toxicity against Artemia salina. These findings provide a basis for further investigation of the fruit extract as a potential source of bioactive compounds.

References

Audia, NM, Daniel., Marliana, E. 2020. Phytochemical test and toxicity (brine shrimp lethality test) in ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction and residual ethanol fraction of ajeran leaves (Bidens Pilosa L). Journal of Atomics, 05(2), 67-72.

Anggraini, DI, & Kusuma, EW (2019). Potential test of ethyl acetate fraction of green apple (pyrus malus l.) peel on reducing cholesterol levels in vitro. Cendekia Eksakta, 4(1), 7-15.

Fayez, S., Zengin, G., Al-Rashood, ST, El Hassab, MA, Eldehna, WM, Dall'Acqua, S., & Eldahshan, OA (2022). The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of n-hexane-extracted oils obtained from three Egyptian cultivars of the golden dewdrop duranta erecta linn. Supported by their gc-ms metabolome analysis and docking studies. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1937.

Fadli, F., Suhaimi, S., & Idris, M. (2019). Acute toxicity test of ethanol extract of bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum (wight) Walp.) Using the BSLT (brine shrimp lethality test) method. Medical Science: Pharmaceutical Scientific Journal, 4(1), 35-42.

Krakowska-Sieprawska, A., Kiełbasa, A., Rafińska, K., Ligor, M., & Buszewski, B. (2022). Modern methods of pre-treatment of plant material for the extraction of bioactive compounds. Molecules, 27(3), 730.

Meyer, B.N., Ferrigni, N.R., Putnam, J.E., Jacobsen, L.B., Nichols, D.E.J., & McLaughlin, J.L. (1982). Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta medica, 45(05), 31-34.

Manopo, FC, Fatimawali, F., & Datu, O. (2023). Phytochemical screening and toxicity test of mangrove leaf ethanol extract (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Pharmacon, 12(1), 83-91.

Roni, A,. Et al. (2020). Determination of total flavonoid and total phenol levels from costus spicatus etc. Journal of Science and Health (J. Sains Kes.), 5(5).

Sugita, P., Amilia, R., Arifin, B., Rahayu, DUC, & Dianhar, H. (2020). The phytochemical screening hexane and methanol extract of sinyo naughty (duranta repens). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 13(8), 196-200.

Susanti, D., Marcellia, S., Saputri, GAR, & Nabila, A. (2023). Toxicity test of ethanol extract of mahogany fruit peel (Swietenia mahagoni) on artemia salina larvae using the BSLT (brine shrimp lethality test) method. Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 10(1), 1405-1411.

Sagala, VZ, Ridwanto., Daulay, AS, Pulungan, AF (2025). Toxicity test using BSLT method and antibacterial test of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli extract and fraction of karamunting leaves (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Science, 8(1), 2656 – 3088.

Ugwu, C. C., & Anosike, C. A. (2020). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant potentials of methanol extract of Duranta erecta leaves. Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, 7(3), 16-26.

Udobi, MI, Nzeakor, TA, Eke, IG, Ezeh, IO, Onyeabor, A., Idika, IK, & Nwosu, CO (2018). Evaluation of the anthelminthic potential of Duranta erecta L.(Verbenaceae) fruits used in Nigerian ethnomedicine as a vermifuge. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2(16), 57-62

Fayez, S., Zengin, G., Al-Rashood, S. T., El Hassab, M. A., Eldehna, W. M., Dall’Acqua, S., & Eldahshan, O. A. (2022). The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential of n-hexane-extracted oils obtained from three Egyptian cultivars of the golden dewdrop Duranta erecta Linn. supported by their GC-MS metabolome analysis and docking studies. Antioxidants, 11(10), 1937. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101937

Shaheen, S., Usman, N., Siddique, R., Alhomaidi, E., Khalid, S., Khalid, Z., Sonia, R., Ibadullayeva, S., Dinislam, K., & Mursal, N. (2025). Microscopic and analytical insights into the morphoanatomical, pharmacognosy and bioactivity of healthy and geminivirus-infected Duranta erecta L.: A new report. Journal of Phytopathology, 173, e70165. https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.70165

Surya, A., Abdul Rahman, A. A., Zaiyar, & Marliza, H. (2025). BSLT and DPPH methods to determine the potential toxicity of Archidendron pauciflorum skin to Artemia salina and the antioxidant potential as an early exploration of anti-cancer drugs. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 43(1), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.37934/araset.43.1.201210

Donkor, A. M., et al. (2019). Phytochemical, antimicrobial and antioxidant profiles of Duranta erecta. Biochemistry Research International.

Published

2026-11-12

How to Cite

Halimah, A. N., Ediyono, P. D., & Usman. (2026). Phytochemistry and Toxicity of Methanol Extract of Duranta Erecta Fruit (sky flower) against Artemia Salina. Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i5.21389

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 5 (2026): October 2026

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Aisyah Nur Halimah, Pinkan Delima Ediyono, Usman

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

License and Publishing Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:

  1. They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
  2. The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
  3. That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
  4. That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
  5. They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
  6. They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.

Copyright
Authors who publish with Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. 
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Licensing for Data Publication

Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia uses a variety of waivers and licenses, that are specifically designed for and appropriate for the treatment of data: Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default) Other data publishing licenses may be allowed as exceptions (subject to approval by the editor on a case-by-case basis) and should be justified with a written statement from the author, which will be published with the article.