Influence of Solvent Polarity on Extract Yield and Phytochemical Profile of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa)

Authors

  • Anggi Nabila Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Southeast Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
  • Masriani Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Southeast Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
  • Lukman Hadi Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Southeast Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
  • Aldi Tobing Department of Chemistry Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Southeast Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.
  • Firman Shantya Budi Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Bansir Laut, Kec. Southeast Pontianak, Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i4.22148

Keywords:

Mitragyna spesiosa, Yield, Phytochemical Screening, Secondary Metabolites

Abstract

Solvent polarity plays an important role in determining the amount and profile of secondary metabolites recovered from plant materials. However, comparative information on the effects of different solvent polarities on the extract yield and phytochemical profile of kratom leaves (Mitragyna speciosa) remains limited. This study aimed to compare the extract yield and qualitative phytochemical profile of kratom leaves extracted using ethanol, distilled water, and ethyl acetate. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extractions were performed using maceration for 3 × 24 h, whereas distilled water extraction was conducted using an infusion method at 90 °C for 15 min. The concentrated extracts were evaluated based on their yield, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, and saponins. Ethanol produced the highest extract yield (12.00%), followed by distilled water (6.54%) and ethyl acetate (2.07%). The phytochemical screening revealed different profiles among the extracts. The ethanol extract showed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, triterpenoids, and saponins; the distilled water extract showed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and saponins; while the ethyl acetate extract showed alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, and steroids. These findings demonstrate that solvent polarity influences both the extract yield and the range of phytochemical groups detected in kratom leaf extracts. The comparative findings provide a basis for selecting an appropriate solvent according to the desired phytochemical profile and support further investigation of kratom leaves as a source of bioactive compounds.

References

Abdillah, M., Khoirotun Nazilah, N. R., Agustina, E., & Studi Biologi UIN Sunan Ampel, P. (2017). Identification of Active Substance In Ajwa Date (Phoenix dactylvera L.) Fruit Flesh Methanol. In BIOTROPIC The Journal of Tropical Biology , 1(1).

Adiwinata, W. E., Fathan, F. D. H., Andika, A., & Nadiroh, N. L. (2025). Artikel Review Fitokimia: Efektivitas Infusa sebagai Metode Ekstraksi. Jurnal Farmasi Sains Dan Teknologi, 3(2), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.65117/kt3vn985

Amanda, F. (2024). Isolasi senyawa flavonoid dari ekstrak etanol kelopak bunga rosella (hibiscus sabdariffa linn) menggunakan metode sonikasi. Maliki Interdisciplinary Journal (MIJ) EISSN, 2(5), 1406–1421. http://urj.uin-malang.ac.id/index.php/mij/index

Arifin, J. F. N., Devitri, R. W., Septiarini, R. T., Zahara, E. S., Maulidya, V., Maulidya, Y. E., Rahmawati, E. E., Sabila, Z., Humaidah, Z., Hisbiah, Y., Charles, I., Klau, S., & Ningsih, A. W. (2025). Tinjauan Literatur: Efektivitas Maserasi sebagai Metode Ekstraksi Fitokimia. Obat: Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 3(6), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.61132/obat.v3i6.19

Baeshen, N. A., Almulaiky, Y. Q., Afifi, M., Al-Farga, A., Ali, H. A., Baeshen, N. N., Abomughaid, M. M., Abdelazim, A. M., & Baeshen, M. N. (2023). GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Plant Rhazya stricta Using Various Solvents. Plants, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040960

Begum, T., Arzmi, M. H., Khatib, A., Helal Uddin, A. B. M. H., Abdullah, M., Rullah, K., Mat So’ad, S. Z., Zulaikha Haspi, N. F., Nazira Sarian, M., Parveen, H., Mukhtar, S., & Ahmed, Q. U. (2024). A review on Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae) as a prominent medicinal plant based on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Natural Product Research, 39(6), 1636–1652. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2024.2371564

Bharathi, KS, P., B, D. K., Kariyil, B. J., K, K., & CN, D. (2025). Study on the extraction yield of hydroethanolic extracts of medicinal plants using the cold maceration method. International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 8(5S), 155–157. https://doi.org/10.33545/2618060x.2025.v8.i5sc.2947

Cinosi, E., Martinotti, G., Simonato, P., Singh, D., Demetrovics, Z., Roman-Urrestarazu, A., Bersani, F. S., Vicknasingam, B., Piazzon, G., Li, J. H., Yu, W. J., Kapitány-Fövény, M., Farkas, J., Di Giannantonio, M., & Corazza, O. (2015). Following “the Roots” of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries. BioMed Research International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/968786

Dany, M., Dan, R., & Hidajati, N. (2020). Isolation of Secondary Metabolites Compounds From Ethyl Acetate Extract of Pecut Kuda Leaf (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis). UNESA Journal of Chemistry, 9(1), 23–28.

Dinasti, A. R. (2016). Isolasi Dengan Kltp dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Senyawa Steroid Fraksi Etil Asetat Mikroalga. Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

Domnic, G., Narayanan, S., Mohana-Kumaran, N., & Singh, D. (2022). Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) an overlooked medicinal plant in Malaysia. Journal of Substance Use, 27(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2021.1885515

Elfira, E., Kaban, F. O., & Nasution, D. L. (2024). Analisis Uji Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Senduduk. Jurnal Farmasetis, 13(3), 129–138.

Forestryana, D., & Arnida. (2020). Phytochemical Screenings and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Ethanol Extract Jeruju Leaf (Hydrolea spinosa L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Farmako Bahari, 11(2). www.journal.uniga.ac.id

Gede Wiranata, I., Malida, M., & Sasadara, V. (2022). Pengaruh Pelarut dan Metode Ekstraksi terhadap Kandungan Metabolit Sekunder dan Nilai Ic50 Ekstrak Umbi Bit (beta vulgaris l.) Effect of Solvent and Extraction Method on Secondary Metabolites and Ic50 of Beetroot Extract (beta vulgaris l.). Jurnal Integrasi Obat Tradisional •, 2(1), 2963–2161. https://usadha.unmas.ac.id

Goh, Y. S., Karunakaran, T., Murugaiyah, V., Santhanam, R., Abu Bakar, M. H., & Ramanathan, S. (2021). Accelerated solvent extractions (Ase) of mitragyna speciosa korth. (kratom) leaves: Evaluation of its cytotoxicity and antinociceptive activity. Molecules, 26(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123704

Harahap, S. (2023a). Alkaloid and Flavonoid Phytochemical Screening on Balakka Leaves (Phyllanthus Emblica L.). Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8), 2069–2082. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v2i8.5691

Harahap, S. (2023b). Alkaloid and Flavonoid Phytochemical Screening on Balakka Leaves (Phyllanthus Emblica L.). Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8), 2069–2082. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v2i8.5691

Harahap, S. (2023c). Alkaloid and Flavonoid Phytochemical Screening on Balakka Leaves (Phyllanthus Emblica L.). Formosa Journal of Science and Technology, 2(8), 2069–2082. https://doi.org/10.55927/fjst.v2i8.5691

Hartati, Syamsuddin, & Karim, H. (2019). Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut terhadap Kandungan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Klika Kayu Jawa (Lannea coromendelica). Jurnal Sainsmat, 8(2), 19–27. http://ojs.unm.ac.id/index.php/sainsmat

Hidayah, H., Fatmawati, F., Khairunnisa, J., & Putri, M. H. (2023). Aktivitas Triterpenoid Sebagai Senyawa Antikanker. Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(2), 10168–10183.

Iskandar, D. (2020). Aplikasi Uji Skrining Fitokimia Terhadap Daun Uncaria Tomentosa sebagai Bahan Utama dalam Pembuatan Teh. Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia, 12(2), 153–158.

Jannah, R., Husni, M. A., & Nursanty, R. (2017). Inhibition Test of Methanol Extract From Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata Linn.) against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria*. Jurnal Natural, 17(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.24815/jn.v17i1.6823

Juanda, E., & Andayani, S. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Kratom Leaf (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Against Aeromonas hydrophilla. Life Sci, 9(3).

Kartika, E. Y., Purwanti, T., & Kunci, K. (2026). Skrining Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antikolesterol Ekstrak Etanol 96% Kulit Batang Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.) Secara In Vitro Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Cholesterol Activity of 96% Ethanol Extract of Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr.) Stem Bark in Vitro Info Artikel Abstrak. Journal of Scientech Research and Development, 8(1). https://idm.or.id/JSCR/index.php/JSCR

Kumalasari, V. P., Fanani, Z., & Besan, E. J. (2025). Phytochemical Analysis and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of Ethanolic Extract of Ketapang Kencana (Terminalia mantaly) Leaves by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. Nusantara Hasana Journal, 5(5), 48–58.

Limcharoen, T., Pouyfung, P., Ngamdokmai, N., Prasopthum, A., Ahmad, A. R., Wisdawati, W., Prugsakij, W., & Warinhomhoun, S. (2022). Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Properties of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. (Kratom) Leaves. Nutrients, 14(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193909

Masriani, Fadly, D., & Bohari. (2020). Journal of Global Pharma Technology α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanol Extract Obtained from Dillenia suffruticosa and Pycnarrhena cauliflora. Journal of Global Pharma Technology, 12(2), 881–887. www.jgpt.co.in

Masriani, M., Muharini, R., Wijayanti, D. K., Melanie, P., & Widiansari, M. L. (2023a). Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extracts from Three Variants of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.). Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia, 11(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v11i2.7122

Masriani, M., Muharini, R., Wijayanti, D. K., Melanie, P., & Widiansari, M. L. (2023b). Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extracts from Three Variants of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.). Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia, 11(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v11i2.7122

Muawanah, S., Febrina, D., & Sunarti. (2023). Identifikasi Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Pada Hasil Ekstraksi Bertingkat Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea L.). Pharmacy Genius, 02(03), 190–197.

Mus, N. M., Tandi Sole, V., & Prasetya, F. (2025). Effect of Solvent Polarity and Protein Models on Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Leaf Extract. Journal of Tropical Pharmacy and Chemistry, 9(2), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.30872/jtpc.v9i2.302

Nofita, D. (2020). Penentuan Fenolik Total dan Flavonoid Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R& G.Forst) secara Spektrofotometri. Chimica et Natura Acta, 8(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.24198/cna.v8.n1.26600

Nugrahani, R., Andayani, Y., & Hakim, A. (2016a). Skrining Fitokimia Dari Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L) dalam Sediaan Serbuk. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 2(1), 96–103. http://jurnal.unram.ac.id/index.php/jpp-ipa

Nugrahani, R., Andayani, Y., & Hakim, A. (2016b). Skrining Fitokimia Dari Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L) dalam Sediaan Serbuk. JurnalPenelitianPendidikanIPA, (1), 96–103. http://jurnal.unram.ac.id/index.php/jpp-ipa

Obenu, N. M. (2019). Ekstraksi dan Identifikasi Komposisi Metabolit Fraksi Diklorometana dan Aquades Ektrak Metanol Daun Sirsak (Annona muricata Linn). Jurnal Saintek Lahan Kering, 2(1), 17–19. https://doi.org/10.32938/slk.v2i1.717

Oktavia, F. D., & Sutoyo, S. (2021). Skrining Fitokimia, Kandungan Flavonoid Total, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Selaginella doederleini. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 6(2), 141–153.

Pan, F., Zhao, X., Liu, F., Luo, Z., Chen, S., Liu, Z., Zhao, Z., Liu, M., & Wang, L. (2023). Triterpenoids in Jujube: A Review of Composition, Content Diversity, Pharmacological Effects, Synthetic Pathway, and Variation during Domestication. Plants, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071501

Pasaribu, R. K. U., Iqbal, M., Dwi Rahayu, I., & Triyandi, R. (2026). Pengaruh Pemilihan Pelarut terhadap Rendemen Ekstrak Daun Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis) menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi. Sains Medisina, 3(5), 275.

Prambudi, H. (2020). Uji Analgetik Infus Daun Jambu Biji Berdaging Merah pada Mencit Jantan dengan Metode Rangsangan Kimia. HIJP : Health Information Jurnal Penelitian, 12(1). https://myjurnal.poltekkes-kdi.ac.id/index.php/HIJP

Ramadani, A. D., Erwin, & Ruga, R. (2026). Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of Surian Leaves (Toona sinensis Roem). Jurnal Atomik, 11(1), 1–6. https://jurnal.kimia.fmipa.unmul.ac.id/index.php/JA

Ratu, A. R. P., Mustofa, S., Putri, G. P., & Busman, H. (2026). Perbandingan Metode Ekstraksi Konvensional dan Modern Pada Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Bahan Alam. Medula, 16(3), 76–85.

Razoki, Gaby Syahanaya Butar-Butar, Neswita, E., Br Sembiring, N., Novriani, E., Juli Pranita Simanjuntak, N., Halimahtussa, E., & Pakpahan, diyah. (2023). Phytochemical screening test and measurement of total flavonoid levels in paku (Nephrolepis biserrata) extract with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 6(3), 1142–1160.

Rendati, H. N. (2026). Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Air Daun Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 3(1), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.62335

Royani, A., Mubarak, N. M., Hanafi, M., Verma, C., Lotulung, P. D. N., Prastya, M. E., Alfantazi, A., & Manaf, A. (2025). Effect of solvent polarity on yield extract, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phytochemicals from Andrographis paniculata leaves*. Indian Chemical Engineer, 67(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2024.2409260

Royani, S., & Yuliyanti, S. S. (2025). Identifikasi Kualitatif Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder pada Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) di Kabupaten Banyumas melalui Skrining Fitokimia. Jurnal Kesehatan Dan Science, 21(2), 49–55.

Salim, H. M., Puspitarini, M. D., Setiwati, Y., & Shimabukuro, M. (2021). Antibacterial mechanism of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) methanol extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Eschericia coli bacteria. Biomolecular and Health Science Journal, 4(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.20473/bhsj.v4i2.28933

Sandhori, F. J., Hanif Rifqi Prasetyawan, Farida Istiqamah, Ilham Robbynoor Sulistiyono, & Rizkiyatul Hasanah. (2025). Skrining Fitokimia Daun Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis l.) dan Biji Lada Hitam (Piper nigrum l.). Jurnal Medicare, 4(3), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.62354/jurnalmedicare.v4i3.233

Sari, D., Ucha, I., Rangkuti, P., Ariyani Agustina, N., Maryati, S., & Rosalina, D. (2026). Penentuan Kadar Fenolik Total pada Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dan Minyak Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Jurnal Teknologi Pengolahan Pertanian, 8(1), 56–63.

Sastidayani, D. (2025). Karya Tulis Ilmiah Penetapan Kadar Alkaloid Total Ekstrak Etanol Daun Pusar (Hyptis brevipes) Dengan Metode Spektrofotometer Uv-Vis.

Subandrate, Sinulingga, S., Claudia Adma, A., Dias Athallah Monanda, M., & Oswari, L. D. (2024). Effect of solvent polarity on secondary metabolite content and α-glucosidase enzyme IC 50 of Dendrophthoe pentandra (L). Miq leaves extract. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia (JIFI), 22(1), 1–7.

Suharyanto, S., & Hayati, T. N. (2021). Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Buah Gambas (Luffa acutangula(L.) Roxb.) dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels Gambas Fruit Extract (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) with UV-Vis Spectrofotometry Method. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia, 18(1). http://journals.ums.ac.id/index.php/pharmacon

Tourabi, M., Faiz, K., Ezzouggari, R., Louasté, B., Merzouki, M., Dauelbait, M., Bourhia, M., Almaary, K. S., Siddique, F., Lyoussi, B., & Derwich, E. (2025). Optimization of extraction process and solvent polarities to enhance the recovery of phytochemical compounds, nutritional content, and biofunctional properties of Mentha longifolia L. extracts. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-025-00859-8

Veeramohan, R., Zamani, A. I., Azizan, K. A., Goh, H. H., Aizat, W. M., Razak, M. F. A., Yusof, N. S. M., Mansor, S. M., Baharum, S. N., & Ng, C. L. (2023). Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves. PLoS ONE, 18(3 March). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283147

Yuda, P. E. S. K., Cahyaningsih, E., & Luh Putu Yuni Winariyanthi, N. (2017). Skrining Fitokimia dan Analisis Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Ekstrak Tanaman Patikan Kebo (Euphorbia hirta L.) (Phytochemical Screening and Thin Layer Chromatographic Studies of Euphorbia hirta L. Extract). JurnalIlmiahMedicamento, 3(2), 2356–4814.

Zreen, Z., Hameed, A., Kiran, S., Farooq, T., & Zaroog, M. S. (2022). A Comparative Study of Diospyros malabarica (Gaub) Extracts in Various Polarity-Dependent Solvents for Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities. BioMed Research International, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4746223

Published

2026-09-14

How to Cite

Nabila, A., Masriani, Hadi, L., Tobing, A., & Budi, F. S. (2026). Influence of Solvent Polarity on Extract Yield and Phytochemical Profile of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa). Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i4.22148

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 4 (2026): August 2026

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Anggi Nabila, Masriani, Lukman Hadi, Aldi Tobing, Firman Shantya Budi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

License and Publishing Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:

  1. They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
  2. The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
  3. That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
  4. That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
  5. They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
  6. They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.

Copyright
Authors who publish with Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a  Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. 
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Licensing for Data Publication

Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia uses a variety of waivers and licenses, that are specifically designed for and appropriate for the treatment of data: Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default) Other data publishing licenses may be allowed as exceptions (subject to approval by the editor on a case-by-case basis) and should be justified with a written statement from the author, which will be published with the article.