Solvent Effects on Extraction Yield and Phytochemical Profile of Cassia alata L. Root Extracts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i4.22143Keywords:
Cassia alata L., Solvent Polarity, Extraction Yield, Phytochemical Screening, Root Extract Secondary MetabolitesAbstract
Cassia alata L. is a medicinal plant containing diverse secondary metabolites, but information on the influence of solvent selection on the extraction yield and phytochemical profile of its roots remains limited compared with the more frequently studied leaves. This study evaluated the effects of 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and distilled water on the yield and qualitative phytochemical profile of Cassia alata L. root extracts. The roots were extracted using maceration for 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate and infusion for distilled water, followed by gravimetric yield determination and qualitative phytochemical screening. Distilled water produced the highest yield (69.74%), followed by 96% ethanol (18.54%) and ethyl acetate (14.45%). The ethanol extract tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and triterpenoids; the ethyl acetate extract for alkaloids, flavonoids, and triterpenoids; and the distilledwater extract for alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The results indicate that solvent characteristics are associated with differences in the amount and classes of constituents recovered from the roots. However, because the organic-solvent extractions and aqueous extraction used different extraction techniques, the observed yield differences cannot be attributed to solvent polarity alone. The findings provide a basis for selecting extraction media for preliminary phytochemical studies of Cassia alata L. roots and support further work using quantitative and compound-specific analytical techniques.
References
Abubakar, A. R., & Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS
Access, O. (n.d.). Tannin Contents of Jackfruit Leaves ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Extract and Moringa Leaves ( Moringa oleifera ) Extract as Functional Additive Feed in Ruminan Livestock Tannin Contents of Jackfruit Leaves ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) Extract and Moringa Leaves ( Moringa oleifera ) Extract as Functional Additive Feed in Ruminan Livestock. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/757/1/012054
Agunloye, M. O., Owu, D. U., Onaadepo, O., Ugwu, F. N., & Ogunyemi, O. M. (2025). Phytochemical characterization of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of avocado Persea americana leaves by FT-IR and GC-MS reveals potential bioactive compounds. 1–21.
Akmaral Kozhantayeva , Nurgul Tursynova, Ainagul Kolpek, Yelaman Aibuldinov, A. T., Togzhan Mashan, Zhazira Mukazhanova, Manshuk Ibrayeva, Aizhan Zeinuldina, A. N., & Zhanar Iskakova, and Y. T. (2024). Phytochemical Profiling , Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of. Pharmaceuticals, 17(996), 1–17.
Arya, P., Vaidya, D., Kaushal, M., Devi, S., & Gupta, A. (2025). Effects of different solvents on phytochemical constituents , in- vitro antimicrobial activity , and volatile components of Boehmeria rugulosa Wedd . wood extract. 1–12.
Bhadange, Y. A., Carpenter, J., & Saharan, V. K. (2024). A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Extraction Techniques for Retrieving Bioactive Components from Natural Sources. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c02718
Cheng, Y., Xue, F., Yu, S., & Du, S. (2021). Subcritical Water Extraction of Natural Products. 1–38.
Colin, M., Claudiana, N. S. E., Kaffah, A., Hasanah, A., & Megantara, S. (2024). Review on Cassia alata Bioactive Compounds: In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Studies. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 18, 4427–4447. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s477679
Dirar, A. I., Alsaadi, D. H. M., Wada, M., Mohamed, M. A., Watanabe, T., & Devkota, H. P. (2019). South African Journal of Botany Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and fl avonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 120, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.003
Doloking, H., Ningsi, S., & Tahar, N. (2022). Flavonoids : A Review on Extraction , Identification , Quantification , and Antioxidant Activity. Ad-Dawaa’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1), 1–26.
Ernawati, H., Hutami, S. R., & Fathurrachman, M. M. (2025). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Kualitatif Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ketepeng Cina ( Cassia Alata L ) dengan Metode DPPH Universitas Muhammadiyah Manado , Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Ilmu Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 3(2020).
Ghaffar, N., & Perveen, A. (2024). Solvent polarity effects on extraction yield, phenolic content, and antioxidant properties of Malvaceae family seeds: a comparative study. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 63, 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2024.2392705
Guo, J., Zhao, N., Zhao, Y., Jin, H., Sun, G., Yu, J., & Zhang, H. (2024). The Extraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of. Biology, 13(438), 1–15.
Jayashika, B. J. (2025). Solvent-Dependent Phytochemical Diversity in Justicia Tranquebariensis : A Comparative Analysis of Methanol and Ethyl Acetate Extractions. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 7(3), 1–7.
Jeong, S., Kim, S. Y., Myeong, H., Lim, E., An, S., Liang, H., Shrestha, K. K., Uddin, S., Kim, Y., Yi, P., An, B., & Seo, S. (2024). Microbead-Based Colorimetric and Portable Sensors for Polyphenol Detection [Research-article]. ACS Omega, 9, 36531–36539. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c04523
Julike, K., Elia, S., & Br, S. (2025). PENETAPAN KADAR TANIN EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KETEPENG CINA ( Cassia alata L .) SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS TAHUN 2022. Jurnal Deli Medical and Health Science, 2(2).
Khatri, D., & Lawati, A. M. (2022). Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemical Constituents of Alternanthera brasiliana ( L .) Kuntze and Cassia alata ( L .) using Different Organic Solvents. Himalayan Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 29–37. https://doi.org/10.3126/hijost.v6i1.50650
Lazović, M. Č., Jakanovski, M. V, Šegan, S. B., Milojković-Opsenica, D. M., & Mosić, M. D. (2025). Recent Progress in Green Sample Preparation for Improved Plant-Based Natural Product and Phenolic Compound Analysis. Journal of Separation Science, 48(12), e70325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.70325
Lee, S., Keng, J., Yon, J., Mai, C., Lim, H., Chow, S., Akowuah, G. A., Liew, K. Bin, Lee, S., Marriott, P. J., & Chew, Y. (2025). Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activities of Flavonoids and Anthraquinones from Cassia alata ( Linnaeus ) Roxburgh and Their Implications for Atopic Dermatitis Management. Plants, 14(362), 1–22.
Liu, W., Feng, Y., Yu, S., Fan, Z., Li, X., Li, J., & Yin, H. (2021). The Flavonoid Biosynthesis Network in Plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(12824), 1–18.
Longe, S. S., Hatuu, E. B., Santoso, D. R., Dinge, F., & Kabey, R. (2025). Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Chinese Ketepeng Leaves ( Cassia alata L .) Against Staphylococcus aureus Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ketepeng Cina ( Cassia alata L .) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus LATAR BELAKANG Infek. Menara Journal of Health Science, 4(4), 289–299.
Malaka, M. H., Hamid, M., & Hasanuddin, D. D. (2019). Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Ketepeng Cina ( Cassia alata L .) Sebagai Obat Sariawan dan Bau Mulut. 5(April).
Masriani, Muharini, R., Wijayanti, D. K., & Melania, P. (2023). Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extracts from Three Variants of Kratom Leaves ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.). 11(April).
Nawaz, H., Shad, M. A., Rehman, N., Andaleeb, H., & Ullah, N. (2020). Effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemicals from bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 56. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000417129
Ng, Z., Samsuri, S. N., & Yong, P. (2020). The antioxidant index and chemometric analysis of tannin, flavonoid, and total phenolic extracted from medicinal plant foods with the solvents of different polarities. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 44. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.14680
Nour El Houda Lezoul, D. (2020). Extraction Processes with Several Solvents on Total Bioactive Compounds in Di ff erent Organs of Three. Molecules Article, 25(46), 72.
Nurul Asmah, Halimatussakdiah, dan U. A. (2020). Analisa Kandungan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng Cina ( Cassia alata L .) dari Bireum Bayeun , Aceh Timur. Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Terapan, 2(2), 7–10.
Pathirana, L. M. L. N. ; S. P. N. N. S. ; C. B. R. A. K. C. c and R. N. (2024). Phytochemical Testing Methodologies and Principles for Preliminary Screening / Qualitative Testing. Asian Plant Research Journal, 12(5), 11–38.
Pitri, R., Wardani, E. K., Kurniawan, H., Nabila, C., Laut, B., & Kalimantan, W. (2025). Phytochemical Analysis of The Leaves, Roots, Stems, and Stem Bark of the Bengkal Plant ( Nauclea subdita ). JURNAL KEPENDIDIKAN KIMIA, 13(December), 1072–1085.
RAAL1, A., , A. MEOS1 , T. HINRIKUS1 , J. HEINÄMÄKI1 , E. ROMĀNE2 , V. GUDIENĖ3 , V. JAKŠTAS4 , O. KOSHOVYI5, A. KOVALEVA5, C. F., CHIRU6, T., & H. T. NGUYEN7. (2020). Dragendorff ’ s reagent : Historical perspectives and current status of a versatile reagent introduced over 150 years ago at the University of Dorpat ,. Pharmazie, 75, 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1691/ph.2020.0438
Rafsanjani, M. K., Dwi, W., & Putri, R. (2015). KARAKTERISASI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK BALI MENGGUNAKAN METODE ULTRASONIC BATH ( KAJIAN PERBEDAAN PELARUT DAN LAMA EKSTRAKSI ) Characteristic of Pamello Fruit Peel Extract Using Ultrasonic Bath ( Study Of Solvent and Extraction Time ). 3(4), 1473–1480.
Rai, S., Kafle, A., Prasad, H., & Bhattarai, A. (2023). Heliyon Characterization of saponins from the leaves and stem bark of Jatropha curcas L . for surface-active properties. Heliyon, 9(5), e15807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15807
Rosiana Rizala, R., & Murandi Kesumac. (2026). Profil Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Etil Asetat Bunga Senna alata ( L .) Roxb . Berdasarkan Analisis Spektrofotometri UV – Vis Jurnal Farmasi dan Kesehatan Indonesia. Jurnal Farmasi Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 1(2), 43–47.
Safdar, A., Iftikhar, S., Karim, M., Khan, R., Hayat, M. Q., Afsar, T., Almajwal, A., Amor, H., & Razak, S. (2025). Rapid and cost-effective colorimetric detection of alkaloids in botanical extracts using a novel protocol with compressed tablets. 1–15.
Saha, K., Proma, R. Z., & Khan, N. (2020). Phytochemical Screening of Plant Extracts and GC-MS Analysis of n -Hexane Extract of the Leaves of Cassia alata. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 9(5), 342–347. https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2020.9509
Satriawan, B., & Wijaya, A. (2023). PENGARUH PERBEDAAN JENIS PELARUT TERHADAP NILAI RENDEMEN EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA ( Carica Papaya . L ). 5(01), 10–17.
Shaikh, J. R. (2020). Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening : An overview. 8(2), 603–608.
Singarayar, M. S., Chandrasekaran, A., Neethirajan, V., Balasundaram, D., Veerasamy, V., & Thilagar, S. (2025). Solvent polarity-driven phytochemical profiling and antioxidant evaluation of Indian Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Thunb .) fruit extracts. 17, 91–104. https://doi.org/10.25081/jp.2025.v17.9612
Souhoka, F. A., Berly, I., Kapelle, D., & Sihasale, E. (2021). Phytochemical and Antioxidant Test of Binahong ( Anredera cordifolia ( Tenore ) Steenis ) Leaves Ethanol Extract. Fullerene Journ.Of Chem, 6(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.37033/fjc.v6i1.248
Sukmawaty, E., Karim, A., Dwyana, Z., Natsir, H., & Karim, H. (2024). Bioactivity and Metabolites Compounds of Medicinal Plants Endophytic Fungi in Indonesia. 09(02), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.79070
Sulasmi, E. S. (2019). Tannin Identification of 4 Species Pterydophyta from Baluran National Park Tannin Identification of 4 Species Pterydophyta from Baluran National Park. Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER, 1241, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1241/1/012002
Timilsena, Y. P., & Phosanam, A. (2023). Perspectives on Saponins : Food Functionality and Applications. International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review, 24(13538), 1–22.
Toh, S. C., Lihan, S., Bunya, S. R., & Leong, S. S. (2023). In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Cassia alata ( Linn .) leaves , stem , and root extracts against cellulitis causative agent Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03914-z
Tsaturyan, A., Sahakyan, L., Hayrapetyan, L., Minasyan, E., & Chakhoyan, A. (2025). Effect of solvent polarity on the extraction of bioactive compounds from Heracleum persicum fruits. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.72.e168925
Vishwakarma, M., Srivastava, A. K., Kumar, A., & Roy, A. (2025). SECONDARY METABOLITE SCREENING OF Marsilea minuta L. FOR ALKALOID CONTENT: VALIDATION THROUGH TRIPLE CHROMOGENIC PRECIPITATION TECHNIQUES. EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD). https://doi.org/10.36713/epra22077
Wutsqa, Y. U., Lusi, S., Sari, A., Khas, S., Jl, K., Pegagan, T., & Java, W. (2021). Detection of terpenoids and steroids in Lindsaea obtusa with thin layer chromatography. 19(2), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.13057/biofar/f190204
Zhang, L., Guan, Q., Jiang, J., & Khan, M. (2023). Tannin complexation with metal ions and its implication on human health, environment and industry: An overview. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 127485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127485
Zona Octarya, R. S. (2015). PENGARUH JENIS PELARUT TERHADAP JUMLAH EKSTRAK DAN. Jurnal Photon, 5(2), 15–21.
Zreen, Z., Hameed, A., Kiran, S., Farooq, T., & Zaroog, M. S. (2022). Research Article A Comparative Study of Diospyros malabarica ( Gaub ) Extracts in Various Polarity-Dependent Solvents for Evaluation of Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities. BioMed Research Internationa, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4746223
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Oktaviani Febiola, Masriani, Lukman Hadi, Aldi Tobing, Firman Shantya Budi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License and Publishing Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Licensing for Data Publication
Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia uses a variety of waivers and licenses, that are specifically designed for and appropriate for the treatment of data: Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default) Other data publishing licenses may be allowed as exceptions (subject to approval by the editor on a case-by-case basis) and should be justified with a written statement from the author, which will be published with the article.
