Kinetics and Mass Transfer of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto EDA/Cu2+-Functionalized Fly Ash Silica Xerogel
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i4.21972Keywords:
Fly Ash, Silica Modified, Methylene Blue Removal, Adsorption KineticsAbstract
Methylene blue (MB) contamination in water bodies necessitates efficient removal via adsorption using functional materials. In this study, fly ash-based silica xerogel modified with ethylenediamine and copper(II) (SX-EDA/Cu²⁺) was synthesized and evaluated for adsorption kinetics. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the presence of amine groups and Cu²⁺ coordination on the silica matrix. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted in triplicate (n = 3) at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C), pH 5.0, with 0.1 g adsorbent in 25 mL MB solution (1000 mg/L). The adsorption capacity increased rapidly, reaching a maximum qₜ of 234.55 ± 1.23 mg/g at 60 minutes, and stabilized at an equilibrium qₑ of 229.36 ± 1.17 mg/g by 90 minutes. Kinetic data were analyzed using five models (PFO, PSO, Elovich, Intra-Particle Diffusion, and Liquid Film Diffusion) with regression and error function evaluation (R², χ², RMSE). The pseudo-second-order model provided the best empirical fit (R² = 0.9972; qₑ,calc = 217.39 ± 5.80 mg/g), while film diffusion (R² = 0.9994) and intra-particle diffusion contributed jointly to mass transfer resistance. These results indicate that SX-EDA/Cu²⁺ exhibits rapid uptake and high adsorption capacity for MB, with adsorption kinetics governed by combined film and pore diffusion processes.
References
Ahmad, A., Jamil, S. N. A. M., Choong, T. S. Y., Abdullah, A. H., Faujan, N. H., Adeyi, A. A., Daik, R., & Othman, N. (2022). Removal of Cationic Dyes by Iron Modified Silica/Polyurethane Composite: Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Analyses, and Regeneration via Advanced Oxidation Process. Polymers, 14(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14245416
Al-Mhyawi, S., Abdel-Tawab, N. A.-H., & Nashar, R. El. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Orange Peel Modified Hydrogels as Efficient Adsorbents for Methylene Blue (MB). Polymers, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020277
Alardhi, S., Salih, H., Ali, N., Khalbas, A., Salih, I., Saady, N., Zendehboudi, S., Albayati, T., & Harharah, H. (2023). Olive stone as an eco-friendly bio-adsorbent for elimination of methylene blue dye from industrial wastewater. Scientific Reports, 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-47319-x
Alharthi, S., Bibi, T., Santali, E. Y., & Ali, A. (2025). Highly efficient removal of dibutyl phthalate from wastewater using a novel hydrophilic-lipophilic magnetic adsorbent based on silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanoscale Advances, 7(16), 4962–4979. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5na00436e
Amrhar, O., Berisha, A., El Gana, L., Nassali, H., & S. Elyoubi, M. (2023). Removal of methylene blue dye by adsorption onto Natural Muscovite Clay: experimental, theoretical and computational investigation. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(10), 2419–2444. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1897119
Barczak, M., & Borowski, P. (2019). Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Silica xerogels modified with amine groups : Influence of synthesis parameters on porous structure and sorption properties. 281(February), 32–43.
Borcănescu, S., Popa, A., Verdeș, O., & Suba, M. (2023). Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous MCM-48 Silica: Synthesis, Characterization and Adsorbent for CO2 Capture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210345
Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Gao, X., Dong, Y., Fu, H., & Zhang, X. (2024). Study on the adsorption performance of modified high silica fly ash for methylene blue. RSC Advances, 14, 21342–21354. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra04017a
Hasani, N., Selimi, T., Mele, A., Thaçi, V., Halili, J., Berisha, A., & Sadiku, M. (2022). Theoretical, Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Investigations of Methylene Blue Adsorption onto Lignite Coal. Molecules, 27(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061856
Huong, D. T., Ngan, N. N. P., Anh, D. T. P., Vinh, N., & Xuân, V. (2025). Durian peel–seed biochar for efficient methylene blue removal from water: synthesis, characterization, and adsorption performance. RSC Advances, 15, 33726–33749. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5ra05313g
Kaya, G. G., & Deveci, H. (2021). CO2 CAPTURE USING POLYETHYLENEIMINE FUNCTIONALIZED SILICA XEROGELS. Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.1016120
Kooh, M., Lim, L., Lim, L., & Dahri, M. (2016). Separation of toxic rhodamine B from aqueous solution using an efficient low-cost material, Azolla pinnata, by adsorption method. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5108-7
Lamy-mendes, A., Torres, R. B., Vareda, P., Lopes, D., Ferreira, M., Valente, V., Gir, A. V, & Valente, A. J. M. (2019). molecules Amine Modification of Silica Aerogels / Xerogels for Removal of Relevant Environmental Pollutants. 10–14.
Mahmoud, O., Bouazza, D., Guezzoul, M., Taqiyeddine, M., Miloudi, H., Belarbi, E. H., & Chergui, A. N. E. (2026). Anhydrous sol–gel synthesis of carbon-modified SiO2 nanoparticles: defect engineering for enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic dye degradation. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 139(2), 1589–1612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11144-025-03023-7
Musah, M., Azeh, Y., Mathew, J., Umar, M., Abdulhamid, Z., & Muhammad, A. (2022). Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherm Models: A Review. Caliphate Journal of Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.4314/cajost.v4i1.3
Nasra, E., Deswati, D., Safni, S., Putri, Y. E., Gemasih, M. I. S., & Putra, A. (2025). Synthesis and characterization of ethylenediamine-cupric ion functionalized fly-ash silica xerogel and ANN-based prediction of its heavy metal adsorption performance. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 27(6), 14–29. https://www.jeeng.net/Synthesis-and-characterization-of-ethylenediamine-cupric-ion-functionalized-fly-ash,215517,0,2.html
Onuk, E. B., & Işik, B. (2025). Adsorptive removal of toxic methylene blue and crystal violet dyes from aqueous solutions using Prunus spinosa: isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, and error analysis. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15, 19805–19822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-025-06519-3
Prajapati, A. K., & Mondal, M. K. (2020). Comprehensive kinetic and mass transfer modeling for methylene blue dye adsorption onto CuO nanoparticles loaded on nanoporous activated carbon prepared from waste coconut shell. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 307, 112949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112949
Revellame, E. D., Fortela, D. L., Sharp, W., Hernandez, R., & Zappi, M. E. (2020). Adsorption kinetic modeling using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws: A review. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 1(December), 100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2020.100032
Sawali, F. D. I., & Afandy, M. A. (2026). Kinetic Modeling of Ni and Co Adsorption : A Comparative Study on Activated Zeolite. Rekayasa Hijau: Jurnal Teknologi Ramah Lingkungan, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.26760/jrh.V10i1.1-11
Sunarti, S., Mariwy, A., & Laitupa, A. N. (2023). Synthesis and Characterization of Silica Gel from Palm Shell and Coir Ash. Indo. J. Chem. Res., 11(1), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.30598//ijcr.2023.11-mar
Vashishtha, M., & Kumar, K. V. (2026). Insights into Solid–Liquid Adsorption Kinetics: Theory, Mechanisms, and Practical Guidelines. ACS ES and T Water, 6(5), 2569–2601. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.5c00497
Wei, J., Chen, S., Li, Y., He, Z., Geng, L., & Liao, L. (2020). Aqueous Cu(ii) ion adsorption by amino-functionalized mesoporous silica KIT-6. RSC Advances, 10, 20504–20514. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ra03051a
Yagub, M. T., Sen, T. K., Afroze, S., & Ang, H. M. (2014). Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 209, 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2014.04.002
Yu, J., Bondarieva, A., Pylypenko, I., Tobilko, V., Sabov, T., Gumenna, M., Tomila, T., & Inshyna, O. (2025). Amino-functionalized dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for removal of copper from aqueous solutions. Journal of Ecological Engineering. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/202979
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Faiqa Haura Tsagifa, Edi Nasra, Hary Sanjaya, Sherly Kasuma Warda Ningsih
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
License and Publishing Agreement
In submitting the manuscript to the journal, the authors certify that:
- They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
- That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
- That its publication has been approved by all the author(s) and by the responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
- They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
- They agree to the following license and publishing agreement.
Copyright
Authors who publish with Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Licensing for Data Publication
Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia uses a variety of waivers and licenses, that are specifically designed for and appropriate for the treatment of data: Open Data Commons Attribution License, http://www.opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/ (default) Other data publishing licenses may be allowed as exceptions (subject to approval by the editor on a case-by-case basis) and should be justified with a written statement from the author, which will be published with the article.
