Synthesis of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent from EFB Waste and Used Cooking Oil for Cathode Recovery

Authors

  • Hadrian Hafiz Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia
  • Khansa Khairunisa Karyani Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia
  • Muhammad Fiqri Aulia Rahman Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia
  • Sawbil Sabri Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia
  • Windri Putri Lestari Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia
  • Ferdinand Hidayat Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Tanjungpura, Jl. Prof. Dr. H. Hadari Nawawi, Pontianak, West Kalimantan 78124, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i3.18997

Keywords:

NADES, Biomass Waste, Cobalt Recovery, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Used Cooking Oil

Abstract

This study develops a biomass-derived natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) by combining potassium carbonate-rich oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB/TKKS) ash as the hydrogen bond acceptor, and polyol-rich used cooking oil as the hydrogen bond donor for cobalt recovery from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes. The novelty of this work lies in converting two abundant local waste streams into a reusable green leaching medium for battery recycling. The HBA and HBD precursors were prepared through ash extraction, used-oil purification, and hydroxylation, followed by thermal mixing at molar ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. The products were evaluated using density, viscosity, water-solubility, FTIR, GC-MS, AAS, UV-Vis, and qualitative cobalt confirmation tests. The 1:2 ratio produced the most stable homogeneous NADES, with a density of 0.8895 g/mL and viscosity of 55.57 mPa·s. FTIR and GC-MS analyses confirmed hydroxyl-bearing components and hydrogen-bond interactions that support eutectic solvent formation. During cobalt recovery, the first three regeneration cycles produced apparent cobalt-containing solid recovery values of 53.41%, 51.11%, and 49.30%, with solid recovery yields of 99.82%, 95.52%, and 92.15%, respectively. These findings indicate that EFB- and used-cooking-oil-derived NADES is a promising waste-based solvent platform for more sustainable lithium-ion battery cathode recycling, although further optimization is required to improve cobalt recovery efficiency and long-term solvent stability.

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Published

2026-06-30

How to Cite

Hafiz, H., Karyani, K. K., Rahman, M. F. A., Sabri, S., Lestari, W. P., & Hidayat, F. (2026). Synthesis of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent from EFB Waste and Used Cooking Oil for Cathode Recovery. Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia, 14(3), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v14i3.18997

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Vol. 14 No. 3 (2026): June 2026

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Copyright (c) 2026 Hadrian Hafiz, Khansa Khairunisa Karyani, Muhammad Fiqri Aulia Rahman, Sawbil Sabri, Windri Putri Lestari, Ferdinand Hidayat

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