A Correlation Between Exposure to PM1 from Firewood Burnings in Lombok Island and Erythrocyte Deformations

Kasnawi Al Hadi; Arif Budianto; Alfina Taurida Alaydrus; Dian Wijaya Kurniawidi; Palaivia Harman Wardi

doi:10.33394/j-ps.v14i4.16656

Authors

Kasnawi Al Hadi University of Mataram
Arif Budianto University of Mataram
Alfina Taurida Alaydrus University of Mataram
Dian Wijaya Kurniawidi University of Mataram
Palaivia Harman Wardi University of Mataram

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v14i4.16656

Keywords:

Emission, Erythrocyte deformation, Firewood burning, Lombok Island, Particulate matter

Abstract

Lombok Island is facing a big issue of emissions. These emissions are easily found in firewood burning in home industry, household, and many others. The emission can be found as PM (particulate matter), while a long-term exposure to PM has a potential to disturb respiratory system. This study aims to investigate the correlation between exposure to firewood burning emission (PM~1~) and erythrocyte deformation levels. Three different firewood samples (pine, teak, and mixed firewood) were used as biomass-burning sources, with each sample burned at three different combustion speeds (fast: 1.8 m/s, medium: 1.2 m/s, and slow: 0.6 m/s). The samples were burnt inside a furnace, while the resulting PM~1~ emissions were exposed to the mice (n=10 per subgroup) as the experimental animal for ten consecutive days (100 s exposure per day). All mice were sacrificed on day 11 to investigate the deformation level under a digital microscope. The results show that firewood burnings generate varied PM~1~ concentrations. The PM~1~ concentrations ranged from 97×10³ to 257×10³ µg/m³ (0.97–2.57 g/m³ in the exposure chamber), depending on the firewood sample. Mixed firewood samples have the highest PM~1~ concentration and erythrocyte deformation level, while teakwood has the smallest values. Linear regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between PM~1~ exposure and erythrocyte deformation (β = 0.082, 95% CI: 0.064–0.100, R² = 0.81, p < 0.001). It can be concluded that a higher PM~1~ concentration generates a higher erythrocyte deformation level. A higher combustion speed generates a smaller concentration, resulting in a lower deformation level.

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