Changes in Basketball Shooting Performance Following Teaching Games for Understanding-Based Instruction among Junior High School Students

Muadz; Dikdik Fauzi Dermawan; Rahmat Iqbal

doi:10.33394/gjpok.v13i2.21280

Authors

Muadz Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia
Dikdik Fauzi Dermawan Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia
Rahmat Iqbal Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/gjpok.v13i2.21280

Abstract

Developing basketball shooting skills is an important objective of physical education, requiring instructional approaches that connect technical execution with meaningful learning experiences. This study aimed to examine changes in basketball shooting performance among junior high school students following Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)-based instruction. A quantitative pre-experimental study employing a one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted with 41 eighth-grade students from SMPN 2 Karawang Barat, Indonesia. Participants completed basketball shooting assessments before and after TGfU-based instruction, with performance evaluated through movement-related indicators and shooting outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired-samples t-test, supplemented by Cohen's dz to estimate standardized within-participant change. The mean shooting score increased from 56.34 (SD = 10.11) at pretest to 82.24 (SD = 9.71) at posttest, representing a mean improvement of 25.90 points. The paired comparison indicated a statistically significant difference, t(40) = 15.57, p < .001, with a 95% confidence interval of 22.54–29.26 points and a large standardized within-participant change (Cohen's dz = 2.43). These findings indicate substantial improvement in measured basketball shooting performance following the instructional period. However, the absence of a comparison group prevents definitive causal attribution of the observed improvement to TGfU. The study provides context-specific evidence of shooting performance changes and highlights the need for controlled investigations using validated assessment instruments and clearly documented instructional protocols.

Keywords: Teaching Games for Understanding; Basketball Shooting; Physical Education; Motor Skill Learning; Pretest-Posttest Design.

References

Al Ardha, M. A., Kristiyandaru, A., Muhammad, H. N., Nikmah, R. A. A., Bikalawan, S. S., Indiarsa, N., Hamdani, H., & Yang, C. B. (2025). Improving physical education learning experience through Teaching Game for Understanding approach: A systematic review. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(5), 1268–1278. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.5.26

Alghafary, N. A. (2021). The effectiveness of using self-questioning strategy on improving some basketball skills among seventh grade students in Amman, Jordan. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(3), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090313

Altavilla, G., Aliberti, S., D’Isanto, T., & Raiola, G. (2022). A comparison between ecological-dynamic and cognitive approach to improve accuracy in basketball shot. Studia Sportiva, 16(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.5817/StS2022-1-1

Álvarez-Sánchez, J. L., Hortigüela-Alcalá, D., Pérez-Pueyo, Á., & Marcos-Rivero, B. (2026). Mapping pedagogical models in physical education: A rapid review for an evidence-informed taxonomy. Quest. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2026.2684563

Arija-Mediavilla, A., Santos-Pastor, M. L., Martínez-Muñoz, L. F., & Ruiz-Montero, P. J. (2025). Active methodologies, pedagogical models and assessment in physical education in primary education: Revealing the lack of pedagogical coherence. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 20(66). https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v20i66.2358

Barquero-Ruiz, C., & Kirk, D. (2024). If ‘the medium is the message’, what do students learn to do in NLP and GBAs within physical education? Curriculum Studies in Health and Physical Education, 15(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742981.2023.2216188

Batez, M., Petrušič, T., Bogataj, Š., & Trajković, N. (2021). Effects of teaching program based on Teaching Games for Understanding model on volleyball skills and enjoyment in secondary school students. Sustainability, 13(2), Article 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020606

Candra, O., Rahmadani, A., Parulian, T., & Kamarudin, H. K. (2025). Basketball learning: Application model of basic motion parameters and biomechanics in basketball shooting techniques based on Android. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 13(1), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2025.130110

Cano-Cañada, E., Tapia-Serrano, M. Á., Saiz-González, P., Fernandez-Rio, J., & Iglesias, D. (2026). Effect of pedagogical models on novelty satisfaction in physical education: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Physical Education Review, 32(3), 656–674. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X251385414

Castro, J., & Morgan, K. (2025). Critical application of TGfU in sports coaching. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2024.2446780

Dai, B., & Yin, Y. (2024). Technical analysis of basketball players' shooting movements through video images. Systems and Soft Computing, 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sasc.2024.200141

Dudley, D. A. (2026). A neuroscientific explanation for the learning effects attributed to Teaching Games for Understanding in physical education and sport coaching practices. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1889606

Faozi, F., Dlis, F., Samsudin, S., Hambali, S., & Riyadi, D. N. (2024). Cooperative learning vs direct teaching in basketball: Effects on junior high school students basic techniques. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7, 132–140. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1371249

Ferraz, R., Oliveira, J., Alves, A. R., Forte, P., Teixeira, J. E., Moriyamag, S., Valente, N., & Branquinho, L. (2024). Effects of implementating a hybrid teaching model in a basketball didactic unit. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 24(6), 1515–1523. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2024.06171

Flores-Cidoncha, A., Moreno, A., Gil-Arias, A., López-Gajardo, M. A., & Leo, F. M. (2026). Do pedagogical models alone have the same impact as integrating need-supportive strategies? An intervention study in secondary physical education. European Physical Education Review, 32(4), 677–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X251387918

Galeano-Rojas, D., Espoz-Lazo, S., Hinojosa-Torres, C., & Valdivia-Moral, P. (2026). The impact of Teaching Games for Understanding on game performance, motivation, gender equality, and disruptive behaviors in physical education. Frontiers in Education, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1901352

Gaspar, V., Gil-Arias, A., Del Villar, F., Práxedes, A., & Moreno, A. (2021). How TGfU influence on students’ motivational outcomes in physical education? A study in elementary school context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105407

Ghorbanzadeh, B., Kirazci, S., & Badicu, G. (2024). Comparison of the effect of Teaching Games for Understanding, sport education, combined and linear pedagogy on motor proficiency of children with developmental coordination disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385289

González-Espinosa, S., García-Rubio, J., Feu, S., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2021). Learning basketball using direct instruction and tactical game approach methodologies. Children, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050342

González-Valero, G., Ubago-Jiménez, J. L., Melguizo-Ibáñez, E., & Fernández-García, R. (2024). Application of the Teaching Games for Understanding model to improve decision-making in sport learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02307-2

Greve, S., Diekhoff, H., & Süßenbach, J. (2022). Learning soccer in elementary school: Using Teaching Games for Understanding and digital media. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.862798

Guijarro, E., MacPhail, A., Arias-Palencia, N. M., & González-Víllora, S. (2022). Exploring game performance and game involvement: Effects of a Sport Education season and a combined Sport Education—Teaching Games for Understanding unit. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 41(3), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2020-0170

Gustian, U., & Pranata, R. (2025). Game-centered approaches in primary physical education: A systematic review of implementation and learning outcomes. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(5), 1279–1289. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.5.27

Harvey, S., & Cope, E. (2025). Making learning happen in Teaching Games for Understanding with cognitive load theory. Education Sciences, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050631

Iorga, A., Jianu, A., Gheorghiu, M., Crețu, B. D., & Eremia, I. A. (2023). Motor coordination and its importance in practicing performance movement. Sustainability, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075812

Jingxia, G., Qichao, Y., & Malik, Z. B. A. (2026). A network meta-analysis of pedagogical models in physical education: Evaluating multidimensional learning outcomes and instructional duration effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1766890

Lee, P. H., Pan, M., & Hsu, W. T. (2026). Urban–rural differences in TGfU-based physical education at Taiwanese primary schools from the perspective of cultural capital. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 31(5), 754–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2024.2413050

Li, B., & He, W. (2024). Teaching the process of free throw action in basketball course based on motion vector field transformation. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/amns-2024-1076

Meirizal, Y., Sulaeman, I., Dlis, F., Hambali, S., Taufik, M. S., Haneif, Y. N., & Setiakarnawijaya, Y. (2022). Effect of the BEEF (Balancing, Eyes, Elbow, Follow Through) training method on free throw shooting skill. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 22(12), 3200–3205. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2022.12407

Menezes-Fagundes, F., Ribas, J. F. M., Salas-Santandreu, C., & Lavega-Burgués, P. (2021). Teaching for understanding the internal logic of sports: A perspective based on Teaching Games for Understanding and motor praxiology. Movimento, 27. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.116643

Morales-Belando, M. T., Kirk, D., & Arias-Estero, J. L. (2022). A systematic review of Teaching Games for Understanding intervention studies from a practice-referenced perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 93(4), 670–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2021.1897066

Munir, A., Zarya, F., & Nia, T. A. (2023). Comparison of learning methods based on animals name and conventional learning to improve free throw shooting skills in basketball games. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(5), 1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2023.110524

Octavianus, I., Gustian, U., & Triansyah, A. (2025). Unveiling current and future trends in the implementation of Teaching Games for Understanding in primary school: A bibliometric analysis. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(1), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.1.23

Ortiz, M., Meroño, L., Morales-Belando, M. T., Vaquero-Cristóbal, R., & González-Gálvez, N. (2023). Teaching Games for Understanding in game performance and psychosocial variables: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trial. Children, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/children10030573

Paixão, J. M., Biagini, L. G. D. P., Sousa, D. P. O. E., Praça, G. M., & Menezes, R. P. (2026). Evaluation of the reliability of processes and results of a TGfU-based handball intervention in under-11 players. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541261498884

Pan, Y. H., Huang, C. H., & Hsu, W. T. (2023). A comparison of the learning effects between TGfU-SE and TGfU on learning motivation, sport enjoyment, responsibility, and game performance in physical education. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165064

Papagiannopoulos, D., Digelidis, N., & Syrmpas, I. (2023). PE teachers’ perceptions of and experiences with using the TGfU model in teaching team games in elementary school. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(2), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.02060

Pritchard, R., & Morgan, K. (2022). Developing coach education to enhance rugby coaches’ understanding and application of game centred approaches—The importance of questioning. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221104157

Ritonga, I., Gusril, G., Kiram, Y., Lanos, M. E. C., & Festiawan, R. (2024). Designing an innovative learning model for fundamental throwing and catching skills using the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) approach in elementary education. Retos, 61, 448–454. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v61.108823

Santoso, N., Pambudi, A. F., Prayadi, H. Y., Utami, N. S., Yudhistira, D., & Virama, L. O. A. (2024). How do the learning models of Teaching Game for Understanding and problem-based learning influence fundamental football skills in physical education? Conducting an analysis in the elementary school context. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 24(5), 793–798. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2024.5.15

Sha, L., & Chiu, W. H. (2025). Effect of guided dual-sensory information on motor learning outcomes based on spatiotemporal dimensions. PLOS ONE, 20(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337236

Silva, R. M. D. O., Figueiredo, L. S., Clemente, F. M., Kawczyński, A., Farias, C., Corrêa, J. C. P., Borges, E. D. P. A., Pedrosa, G. F., Guimarães, J. D. S., Laporta, L., & Costa, G. D. C. T. (2026). Teaching Games for Understanding in school handball: A controlled pre-post study with intact Brazilian physical education classes. Frontiers in Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1817709

Stojanović, D., Momčilović, V., Zadražnik, M., Ilić, I., Koničanin, A., Padulo, J., Russo, L., & Stojanović, T. (2023). School-based TGfU volleyball intervention improves physical fitness and body composition in primary school students: A cluster-randomized trial. Healthcare, 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11111600

Sugiarto, R. W., Purwanto, S., Utama, A. B., Nopembri, S., Hartanto, A., & Mahardhika, N. A. (2024). Problem-based learning (PBL), Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) learning models, on learning outcomes reviewed from, and students' learning motivation. Fizjoterapia Polska, 2024(2), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG56087NS

Tangkudung, A. W. A., & Mahyudi, Y. V. (2022). Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU) learning design for basketball games in physical education. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(3), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100331

Tian, Q., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., & Qin, G. (2026). Comparative effects of physical education teaching models on motor skill development in school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1905122

Tufekci, S., Aygun, Y., Boke, H., Yagin, B., Tufekci, S., Turhan, F. H., & Berktaş, H. (2026). Effects of Teaching Games for Understanding on students’ learning outcomes in physical education: A hierarchical meta-analysis of domain-specific effects. Scientific Reports, 16, Article 29747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-59931-8

Usra, M., Bayu, W. I., Solahuddin, S., & Octara, K. (2023). Improving critical thinking ability using teaching game for understanding. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(2), 419–423. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.02051

Waffak, M. N., Sukoco, P., Sugiyanto, F. X., Arifianti, E., Setiawan, J., & Daryono, R. W. (2022). Developing a basketball learning model using the Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU) approach to improve the effectiveness of HOTS in elementary schools. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 22(3), S21–S29. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2022.3s.03

Wang, C., Yuan, Y., & Ji, X. (2024). Effects of blended learning in physical education on university students’ exercise attitudes and basketball skills: A cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20469-x

Wang, X., Guo, Q., Samsudin, S., & Abdullah, B. (2024). Effects of systematically increasing contextual interference on basketball players' skill performance: A randomised controlled trial. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte, 33(3), 47–61.

Wijaya, A., Juniariscca, D. L., Bimantoro, A. P., Putera, S. H. P., Virama, L. O. A., & Yudhistira, D. (2025). Using a reflective research approach on the implementation of Teaching Games for Understanding in physical education: A scoping review. Physical Education Theory and Methodology, 25(3), 725–733. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2025.3.30

Yang, C., Chen, R., Chen, X., & Lu, K. H. (2021). The efficiency of cooperative learning in physical education on the learning of action skills and learning motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717528

Yenes, R., Yendriza, Y., Irawan, R., Ramadhan, R., Pratama, A. O., Arwandi, J., Çitozi, R., Orhan, B. E., & Astuti, Y. (2025). Jump shot training method based on massed practice. Fizjoterapia Polska, 2025(1), 198–202. https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG007DHU6E

Zhang, J., Soh, K. G., Bai, X., Mohd Anuar, M. A., & Xiao, W. (2024). Optimizing learning outcomes in physical education: A comprehensive systematic review of hybrid pedagogical models integrated with the Sport Education Model. PLOS ONE, 19(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311957

Zhuoxiao, L., Chengyu, Z., Zhuo, Z., & Huaibo, Y. (2026). Effects of physical activity distribution patterns on basketball skill acquisition and physical exercise self-efficacy among Chinese male university students: A randomised controlled trial. PeerJ, 14. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.21459