GIS-Based Flood Risk Mapping and Implications for Educational Accessibility in Aceh: A Systematic Review (2015–2025)

Bambang Sigit Widodo; Enoch Terlumun Iortyom

doi:10.33394/j-ps.v14i3.19832

Authors

Bambang Sigit Widodo Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Enoch Terlumun Iortyom Ernes Bai Koroma University of Science and Technology

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v14i3.19832

Keywords:

Aceh, Educational Accessibility, Geographic Information System (GIS), Quality Education, Climate Action

Abstract

Recurrent flooding in Aceh (2015–2025) disrupts education through school closures and facility damage. While Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are widely used to map flood risk, it remains unclear whether spatial visibility translates into functional educational continuity. This PRISMA 2020 systematic review evaluates GIS applications in mapping post-flood educational accessibility and quantifies the empirical gap between risk mapping and operational recovery. Searches were conducted across Scopus, Google Scholar, and Indonesian databases. From 300 records, 18 studies were included and appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT; mean quality score 82%). Findings show heavy reliance on ArcGIS (89%) and static methods such as weighted overlay. Accessibility metrics (e.g., travel time or network analysis) appeared in only 11% of studies. Critically, zero studies measured post-event school reopening time or quantified learning loss, and only one reported attendance impacts qualitatively. While GIS effectively identifies high-risk zones, persistent barriers to continuity are primarily institutional—low preparedness, coordination gaps, and absent equity-sensitive metrics for disability and rural-urban disparities. GIS makes risk visible but is currently insufficient to guarantee educational resilience. This review substantiates a “mapping-to-continuity gap” in which spatial data remains isolated from operational outcomes. Future research should integrate dynamic continuity indicators (reopening time, attendance recovery, learning loss) into equity-audited, real-time GIS frameworks to convert mapping capability into measurable improvements in disaster-resilient education.

References

Adger, W. N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006

Ahmed, S. (2020). Urban resilience and sustainable development trajectories: Insights from Dhaka. In D. Rukmana (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of planning megacities in the Global South (pp. 12–29). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003038160

Ajibade, I., McBean, G., & Bezner-Kerr, R. (2013). Urban flooding in Lagos, Nigeria: Patterns of vulnerability and resilience among women. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1714–1725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.08.009

Alayani, R., Sugianto, & Basri, H. (2021). Flood rate assessment of the Woyla River watershed, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 10(2), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.13170/aijst.10.2.19701

Alexander, D. E. (2013). Resilience and disaster risk reduction: An etymological journey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2707–2716. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2707-2013

Amri, A., Bird, D. K., Ronan, K. R., Haynes, K., & Towers, B. (2017). Disaster risk reduction education in Indonesia: Challenges and recommendations for scaling up. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17, 595–612. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-595-2017

Andria, W., Khairunnisa, & Utariningsih, W. (2023). Gambaran kesiapsiagaan rumah tangga dalam mengantisipasi penyakit menular pascabanjir di Kecamatan Pirak Timu Kabupaten Aceh Utara [Household preparedness in anticipating post-flood infectious diseases in Pirak Timu District, North Aceh Regency]. Galenical: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Mahasiswa Malikussaleh, 2(2).

Asiaha, N., Sitohang, N. A., & Oktari, R. S. (2025). Program GENTAB pelatihan mitigasi dan konseling pasca bencana banjir pada remaja di MAS Darul Hikmah Desa Kahju Kec. Baitussalam, Aceh Besar. Talenta Conference Series: Local Wisdom, Social, and Arts (LWSA), 8(2). https://doi.org/10.32734/lwsa.v8i2.2460

Asif, S. M., & Patrascu, F.-I. (2026). Short-term impacts of 2016 floods on the demographic change and housing prices in the state of Louisiana. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 136, 106055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2026.106055

Auliya, I., Widiatmaka, & Syartinilia. (2025). Land Capability Analysis for Sustainable Land Use Planning: A Case Study of Bogor Regency, Indonesia . Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 15(3), 509. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.15.3.509

Azzanna, M., & Nurdin. (2025). Pembuatan jalur evakuasi banjir di Kota Banda Aceh menggunakan sistem informasi geografis dengan metode closest facility analysis. Jurnal Sistem Informasi Kaputama (JSIK), 9(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.59697/jsik.v9i2.1014

Basri, T. H., & Nuraini. (2020). Simulasi dan sosialisasi mitigasi bencana bagi penyandang disabilitas di Sekolah Luar Biasa Aceh Timur. Global Science Society: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 2(1), 279–285.

Birkmann, J., Cardona, O.D., Carreño, M.L. et al. Framing vulnerability, risk and societal responses: the MOVE framework. Nat Hazards 67, 193–211 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-0558-5

Burde, D., Kapit, A., Wahl, R. L., Guven, O., & Skarpeteig, M. I. (2017). Education in emergencies: A review of theory and research. Review of Educational Research, 87(3), 619–658. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654316671594

Cao, Y.; Xu, C.; Aziz, N.M.; Kamaruzzaman, S.N. BIM–GIS Integrated Utilization in Urban Disaster Management: The Contributions, Challenges, and Future Directions. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051331

Cutter, S.L., Boruff, B.J. and Shirley, W.L. (2003), Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards*. Social Science Quarterly, 84: 242-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002

Daza Obando, L., Groot, W., & Ramirez Cortes, F. (2026). The impact of natural hazard events on education in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Development Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-025-00737-1

Dewan, A. M. (2013). Vulnerability of a megacity to flood: A case study of Dhaka. In A. M. Dewan (Ed.), Floods in a megacity (pp. 35–62). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5875-9_3

Dewi, R., Darmadi, & Saleh, M. (2026). Banjir Sumatera sebagai pemicu kesadaran publik tentang kerusakan lingkungan. Jurnal Riksa Cendikia Nusantara, 2(1).

Diehr, J., Ogunyiola, A., & Dada, O. (2025). Artificial intelligence and machine learning-powered GIS for proactive disaster resilience in a changing climate. Annals of GIS, 31(2), 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475683.2025.2473596

Fadhlurrahman, R., Siswoyo, H., & Asmaranto, R. (2023). Pemetaan ancaman bencana banjir di Kecamatan Indra Makmur Kabupaten Aceh Timur Provinsi Aceh. Jurnal Extrapolasi, 20(1).

Fahrimal, Y., & Husna, A. (2023). Komunikasi risiko berbasis masyarakat dalam menghadapi banjir di Kabupaten Aceh Barat [Community-based risk communication in facing floods in West Aceh Regency]. Calathu: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 5(2), 74–91.

Far, F. L., Nikookar, M., & Rayegan, R. (2024). The role of landscape planning in reducing damages caused by flood (case study: Nekaroud, Iran). International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 111, 104721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104721

Frankenberg, E., Gillespie, T., Preston, S., Sikoki, B. and Thomas, D. (2011), Mortality, The Family and The Indian Ocean Tsunami*. The Economic Journal, 121: F162-F182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02446.x

Geurs, K. T., & van Wee, B. (2004). Accessibility evaluation of land-use and transport strategies: Review and research directions. Journal of Transport Geography, 12(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2003.10.005

Helmi, H., Basri, H., Sufardi, S., & Helmi, H. (2019). Flood vulnerability level analysis as a hydrological disaster mitigation effort in Krueng Jreue Sub-Watershed, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 11(1), Article a737. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v11i1.737

Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221

Hong, Q. N., & Pluye, P. (2018). Systematic reviews: A brief historical overview. Education for Information, 34(4), 261-276. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180219 (Original work published 2018)

Kiberenge, B. S. (2023). Factors affecting children’s access to primary education in seasonal flood prone areas in Tanzania (Publication No. 32019822) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Dodoma]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.

Klipper, I. G., Zipf, A., and Lautenbach, S.: Flood Impact Assessment on Road Network and Healthcare Access at the example of Jakarta, Indonesia, AGILE GIScience Ser., 2, 4, https://doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-2-4-2021, 2021.

Kousky, C. (2016). Impacts of natural disasters on children. The Future of Children, 26(1), 73–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43755231

Kusumowardoyo, C.L. and Tamtomo, K. (2022), Reflections on implementing the Sendai Framework in the Asia-Pacific: beyond adding disability inclusion to disaster risk reduction. Disasters, 46: 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12507

Miller, H. J. (2005). Place-based versus people-based accessibility. In D. M. Levinson & K. J. Krizek (Eds.), Access to destinations (pp. 63–89). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1108/9780080460550-004

Musarandega, H., & Masocha, W. (2023). Disasters and the education system: Cyclone Idai and schooling disruption in eastern Chimanimani, Zimbabwe. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 15(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v15i1.1349

Mutia, E., Azmeri, A., Yulianur, A., Achmad, A., & Meilianda, E. (2025). Multifactor analysis of urban pluvial flooding using a comprehensive vulnerability index. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 17(1), Article a1835. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v17i1.1835

Nasution, F. U., Dwitanto, H., Yanti, R. A., Rambe, M. I. I., & Rokan, M. P. (2025). Perbaikan akses pendidikan pasca-banjir: Model pendampingan hukum untuk anak sekolah di Aceh Tamiang. Pengabdian Pendidikan Indonesia (PPI), 3(3). https://doi.org/10.47709/ppi.v3i03.7797

Neutens, T. (2015). Accessibility, equity and health care: Review and research directions for transport geographers. Journal of Transport Geography, 43, 14–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2014.12.006

Nones, M. (2021). Remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor morphological changes along the middle-lower Vistula River, Poland. International Journal of River Basin Management, 19(3), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2020.1742137

Oktaviany, W. T. (2025). Clustering flood disaster areas in Indonesia using the K-Means algorithm [Theses, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau]. Repository Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., McGuinness, L. A., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Partini, D., & Hidayaht, A. N. (2024). Disaster risk reduction efforts through education in Indonesia: A literature review. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1314, No. 1, Article 012049). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012049

Rahaman, Z. A., Al Kafy, A., Saha, M., Abdul Rahim, A., Almulhim, A. I., Rahaman, S. N., Fattah, M. A., Rahman, M. T., Kalaivani, S., Al Faisal, A., & Al Rakib, A. (2022). Assessing the impacts of vegetation cover loss on surface temperature, urban heat island and carbon emission in Penang city, Malaysia. Building and Environment, 222, 109335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109335

Rahmi, R., Ahmad, A., Yulianur, A., Ramli, I., & Izzaty, A. (2024). Spatial analysis of flood vulnerability based on biophysics factor in the Krueng Baro Watershed in flood mitigation efforts at Aceh, Indonesia. BIO Web of Conferences, 96, 04002. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249604002

Risnawati, I. (2025). Edukasi kesiapsiagaan bencana bagi siswa sekolah dasar melalui pendekatan sekolah aman bencana (SAB) di SD Negeri Lawe Tua Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara [Disaster preparedness education for elementary school students through the disaster safe school (SAB) approach at Lawe Tua State Elementary School, Southeast Aceh District]. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Putri Hijau, 6(1). http://ejournal.delihusada.ac.id/index.php/JPMPH

Rush, J.V. The Impact of Natural Disasters on Education in Indonesia. EconDisCliCha 2, 137–158 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-017-0022-1

Sanduni Ashvini H, Gunasekara N, Fernando W, Prasanna R (2025), "The current insurance practices employed to manage flood risk in the global built environment and their applicability to Sri Lanka". International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, Vol. 16 No. 4 pp. 527–542, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-08-2024-0098

Sari, R. V., Ketaren, O., Tarigan, F., Nababan, D., & Sitorus, M. E. (2022). Tingkat kesiapsiagaan menghadapi bencana banjir pada SDN Pinding Kecamatan Bambel Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara Tahun 2020. Jurnal Semesta Sehat (J-Mestahat), 1(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.58185/j-mestahat.v1i2.81

Shohel, M. M. C. (2022). Education in emergencies: challenges of providing education for Rohingya children living in refugee camps in Bangladesh. Education Inquiry, 13(1), 104–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2020.1823121

Sigit, A., Koyama, M., & Harada, M. (2023). Flood Risk Assessment Focusing on Exposed Social Characteristics in Central Java, Indonesia. Sustainability, 15(24), 16856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416856

Song, J., Yamauchi, H., Oguchi, T., Ogura, T., Nakamura, Y., and Wang, J.: Effects of web geographic information system (GIS) technology and curriculum approaches on education for disaster risk reduction, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3617–3634, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3617-2023, 2023.

Syarif, E., Maddatuang, M., Saputro, A., Carver, S., & Cutter, S. L. (2023). Disaster education as an effort to improve students' flood mitigation preparedness. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi: Kajian, Teori, dan Praktek dalam Bidang Pendidikan dan Ilmu Geografi, 28(2), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.17977/um017v28i22023p158-167

Thomas, J., Harden, A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 8, 45 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-45

Tomaszewski, B., Walker, A., Gawlik, E., Lane, C., Williams, S., Orieta, D., McDaniel, C., Plummer, M., Nair, A., San Jose, N., Terrell, N., Pecsok, K., Thomley, E., Mahoney, E., Haberlack, E., & Schwartz, D. (2020). Supporting Disaster Resilience Spatial Thinking with Serious GeoGames: Project Lily Pad. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(6), 405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9060405

Tselios, V., & Tompkins, E. (2021). Local government, political decentralisation and resilience to natural hazard-associated disasters. In D. J. Parker & E. C. Penning-Rowsell (Eds.), Environmental hazards and resilience: Theory and evidence (pp. 203–228). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003171430

United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2015). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015-2030. United Nations. https://www.undrr.org/media/16176/download

Wahyuni, O. S., Rusdi, M., & Basri, H. (2021). Analisis zonasi kerentanan banjir di Kabupaten Aceh Singkil [Zoning analysis of flood vulnerability in District Aceh Singkil]. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 6(2).

Walidaini, Najmuddin, & Munawar. (2025). School strategies for flood-prone primary schools in the districts of Bendahara and Banda Mulia in Aceh Tamiang Regency. Hurriah: Jurnal Evaluasi Pendidikan dan Penelitian (Hurriah Journal: Journal of Educational Evaluation and Research), 6(4). https://doi.org/10.56806/jh.v6i4.360

Whittemore, R. and Knafl, K. (2005), The integrative review: updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52: 546-553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x

Zahara, S. (2019). Peran sekolah dalam pendidikan migtasi bencana di sekolah menengah atas [The role of schools in disaster mitigation education in senior high schools]. Jurnal Pencerahan, 13(2).