Potential of Medicinal Plants in Pampang Village Samarinda As A Chemistry Learning Resource

: This research aims to identify the potential of medicinal plants in Pampang Village, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, which can be used as a source of chemistry learning at the junior and senior high school levels. This research used a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects, namely 11 residents of Pampang Village, were determined using purposive sampling. Data analysis used interactive model analysis, and data validity is measured using data triangulation techniques. The results of the research show that there are 20 medicinal plants that the people of Pampang Village widely used and eight medicinal plants have the potential to be used as a source of chemistry learning. These medicinal plants were sambung nyawa, meniran, bajakah, betel, seri, turmeric, coconut, and tamarind eggplant. These plants related to materials separating mixtures, reaction rates, functional groups, lipids, acid and base indicators, electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions, acids and bases, chemical changes, and redox. Therefore, this can be used as a reference and consideration for chemistry teachers in the learning process. to help students understand chemistry lessons closely related to everyday life.


Introduction
Currently, many learning resources are used in the learning process, including books and the internet.The use of books and the internet in the learning process makes it very easy for students to get information, especially if we use the internet, the information we get only takes a short time and the process of searching for the information is easy (Sasmita, 2020).However, this does not rule out the possibility that students need help understanding the learning even though the teacher has conveyed it through these learning resources.One subject still very difficult for students to understand is natural science (science).It causes students' understanding of the concept of learning to be poor.One of the reasons science learning is considered difficult is because of the paradigm students develop (Supriyadi & Nurvitasari, 2019).Science learning consists of several aspects: Physics, Biology, and Chemistry (Wulandari, 2017).Chemistry is a natural science that studies matter's composition, structure, properties, and changes (Suhendar, 2017).Chemistry itself is found in everyday life.Linking chemistry to everyday life in the learning process can help students create relationships and better understand learning material theoretically by applying science in everyday life (Simanjuntak et al., 2019).
East Kalimantan is one of Indonesia's provinces with cultural and biological diversity.The people of East Kalimantan greatly utilize this cultural and biological diversity in their

Results and Discussion
Pampang Village is a sub-district in Samarinda City, approximately 11 km from the city.Pampang Village is mostly inhabited by indigenous Dayak people, although there are several RTs whose people come from other tribes.The people in Pampang village still uphold their culture and nature.It can be seen from the performances usually held every holiday, such as Saturday and Sunday.Apart from that, there are still many people who use various kinds of plants around them in their daily lives and grow crops in this village.The results of interviews with respondents obtained data on plant types that the people of Pampang Village widely use.Plant data, community knowledge, and the chemical content of the plants are presented in Table 2. Cassava leaves are used as an anti-breast cancer agent.
The contents of cassava leaves are lysine, arginine, leucine, and isoleucine which are essential amino acids.Then cassava leaves also contain antioxidants and saponins.These ingredients can help the growth of damaged cells and prevent premature aging (Muhammad et al., 2018).

Canescens)
Lots of sungkai leaves used by the community treat fever and malaria.

Sambung Nyawa Leaves (Gynura Procumbens)
Used by society to treat diseases like cholesterol.
The chemical contents of sambung nyawa leaves are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and essential oils.These compounds can help reduce cholesterol in the blood (Oktaviani et al., 2019).

Meniran (Phyllanthus Urinaria)
Meniran is trusted by society and can treat kidney stones and maintain endurance.Apart from that, society also uses this plant to treat coughs and jaundice The chemical compounds contained in the meniran plant are saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, and potassium salts.These compounds will increase antioxidant activity in the plant (Tambunan et al., 2019).

Kumis
kucing is utilized by the community to heal various kinds of diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.
The chemical content in kumis kucing is phenol, such as isopimaran diterpenoids, flavonoids, benzochromene, and organic acid derivatives.These ingredients are diuretic and antioxidant so they can reduce hypertension and diabetes (Hasbi et al., 2019).

Soursop (Annona muricata)
Soursop itself believes society has benefits to launch digestion.Soursop too can be trusted to cure disease gout.
The chemical contents of soursop are calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, vitamin B1, and vitamin C.These compounds are antioxidants that can increase the body's endurance and slow down the aging process, then can also prevent osteoporosis.The content in soursop leaves called Annocaeous Acetogenin can kill cancer cells (Elidar, 2017).

Galangal (Kaempferia galangal)
Many people use galangal for herbal medicine and consumption.
The chemical ingredients in galangal are essential oils, saponins, flavonoids, and polyphenols.These ingredients are beneficial for the body, one of which is to reduce sore throats (Mudaningrat & Nada, 2021).

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Ginger is used for treatments like cough and to warm the body.

Littoralis hassk)
The public uses it to treat various diseases one of them being cancer.
The chemical content in bajakah is phenolic compounds.This compound can have antioxidant activity which is very necessary for curing cancer (Ayuchecaria et al., 2020).

Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)
Sweet potatoes can be used to control pressure The chemical content of sweet potatoes is flavonoids in the form of anthocyanins, with the presence of these compounds sweet potatoes can be used as healthy food to reduce cell damage in the body (Salim et al., 2017).

Benalu (Loranthus)
Benalu is used by society to treat cancer and malignant tumors.
The chemical contents of mistletoe are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids.In the body of this benalu there is high antioxidant activity so that it can cure cancer and malignant tumors (Tarbiyah & Aceh, 2018).

Seri (Muntingia calabura)
Seri is usually utilized by society for consumed as food.
The chemical constituents of the seri are esters, alcohols, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpenoids, and furan derivatives.Not only is it consumed, but this plant can be used to treat jaundice and gout (Handayani, 2020).
The chemical contents of Putri Malu are tannins, steroids, alkaloids (mimosine), triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, C glycosylflavones, and flavonoid compounds from Putri Malu leaves which are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-allergic and phenolic compounds is hepatoprotective.The ingredients in this Putri Malu can help treat diabetes wounds (Lengkong et al., 2021).

Ciplukan leaves (Physalis)
Ciplukan leaves are used in society to treat stress.Apart from pressure, this plant is believed to be able to treat diabetes.

Turmeric (Curcuma Longa)
People take advantage turmeric to treat colds, heartburn, and sore throat.
The chemical ingredients found in turmeric are essential oils and curcuminoids.This compound has antibiotic properties so it can suppress or stop biochemical processes in an organism (Nobiola et al., 2020).

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Coconut can improve body endurance
The chemical contents of coconut are auxin and cytokinin and vitamins.The content of coconut is antioxidant so it can help increase the body's endurance (Nurman et al., 2017).

Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera)
People believe that Moringa leaves can be used in the health sector, namely to treat diabetes.
The chemical content of Moringa leaves is phytosterol, a source of beta carotene, vitamin C, iron, and potassium (Hamzah & Yusuf, 2019).

Curcuma (Curcuma zanthorrhiza)
Many people use this material to treat the throat is starting uncomfortable.

Sour Eggplant (Solanum Ferox)
According to the community, sour eggplant can help maintain the body's immune system.Apart from that, this plant can be used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, fever, and vomiting.
The chemical contents of sour eggplant are flavonoids, soladin, and alkaloids.The soladin compound from Solanum species functions as an anti-inflammatory antioxidant, a steroid extracted from the roots and leaves (Arief et al., 2019).
Table 3 presents the reduction results of medicinal plants that can be used in chemistry learning.This reduction is based on literature studies and the results of interviews obtained by researchers with resource persons who are residents of Pampang Village.

Separation of mixtures
The process of processing these plants is mostly by boiling them and then taking the boiled water.The filtration or filtration method is used in the process.

Meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria) Bajakah (Spatholobus littoralis hassk) Betel (Piper betle) Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria)
Reaction rate Meniran preparations are very diverse.Some preparations (capsules and the plant itself) can be used as an example of studying chemistry, namely reaction rates by comparing reaction rates in the body.

Functional groups
These plants have chemical compounds that can be studied by the functional groups contained in their contents.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Acid and base indicators
Turmeric contains anthocyanins which can act as natural acid and base indicators.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions Coconut water contains ions which are electrolyte solutions so it can be used as a reference in the chemistry learning process.

Acid and Base
Sour eggplant has a characteristic sour taste so it can be used as an example in the topic of acids and bases.

Seri (Muntingia calabura)
Chemical changes Series that are left in the open air will experience rot which is a chemical change.So that students can find out examples of natural ingredients that affect fat in the body.

Oxidation-reduction reactions
Each of these medicinal plants has antioxidants in its content.Antioxidants themselves are related to redox materials because oxidation reactions occur when they enter the body.So that we can study the redox reactions that occur in these contents.There are many chemical materials at both junior high school (SMP) and senior high school (SMA) levels that can be combined with medicinal plants known to the people of Pampang Village.These chemical materials are acids and bases, mixture separation, functional groups, acid and base indicators, electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions, chemical changes, reaction rates, and redox reactions (Table 3).Material on the properties of acids and bases in solutions can be used in junior high school science learning through science investigation activities (Hidayat, 2023).Oxidation-reduction concept material in high school can be studied by utilizing natural materials in the environment (Tangio et al., 2023).

Meniran
The first material is acids and bases and acid and base indicators.Natural ingredients that can be used in this lesson are sour eggplant and turmeric.Tamarind eggplant has a sour fruit taste and is widely used as a traditional medicine and even as a flavoring in cooking.
This sour taste can be integrated with chemistry learning on acid and base material (Arief et al., 2019).Then turmeric can be used as an indicator of natural acids and bases.Turmeric contains curcumin which can provide clear and fast color changes.If it is alkaline, it will be brownish red; if it is acidic, it will be light yellow (Sundari, 2016).
The next material is the separation of mixtures.Some examples of plants used in this lesson are sambung nyawa leaves, bajakah, seri, and turmeric.These natural ingredients are mostly used by boiling them, so the plant juices come out.If you want to drink the water, you can use one of the mixture separation techniques in chemistry subjects.The mixture separation method is filtration (Mashadi et al., 2018).Finally, the boiled water with the plant will separate, so it can be consumed.This is what can be taught to students to understand the concept of learning better because they can see or apply the method directly.
Functional groups can be studied using natural materials.Each natural ingredient has its ingredients which have functional groups.One example is turmeric which contains curcumin (Nobiola et al., 2020).Other plant ingredients are presented in Table 2.These ingredients have functional groups that can be studied at school as examples of these functional groups in everyday life.In chemistry studies, there are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, as well as other functional groups studied in high school.These natural materials can make it easier for students to absorb chemical material taught by schools because there are examples in everyday life.
Next is the subject of chemical changes.Plants that can be used in this lesson include the series.People usually consume seri fruit directly.If this fruit is left in the open air, rot will occur.This rotting means that the fruit undergoes chemical changes, the properties of the fruit cannot be returned to their original properties, and new substances are produced (Iskandar & Kusmayanti, 2018).The people of Pampang Village also consume many coconuts in their daily lives.The electrolyte content in coconut water can make coconut an example of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions in everyday life (Rokana & Khusbana, 2018).
Next is macromolecular material, namely lipid.Many people use betel leaves for treatment.Apart from betel leaves, there is also seri fruit with similar benefits, namely lowering cholesterol.According to research by Rangkuti et al. (2018) and Tulung et al. (2017), betel leaves and seri can affect reducing cholesterol levels.Cholesterol is related to fat in the macromolecule material taught in school.Therefore, betel leaves and series, which are used to reduce cholesterol levels in the body, can be a link between natural ingredients and fat or lipid materials.So that students can find out examples of natural ingredients that affect fat in the body.
The following chemical material is the reaction rate.Reaction rates are also one of the chemistry subjects that can use the natural materials mentioned above.One of them is the meniran plant.Usually, people dry this plant and then consume it as tea.However, meniran plants have also been processed in the capsule dosage form.The application of this reaction rate material is that drugs in powder or tea dosage form can react more quickly than in capsule form due to their larger surface area (Fajriati et al., 2017).These medicinal plants contain antioxidants in the plant.Antioxidants themselves are substances that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.Antioxidants are related to redox materials because oxidation reactions occur when they enter the body.From the explanation above, the potential of Pampang Village's medicinal plants can be used as content and media for chemistry learning based on local wisdom.For example, sour eggplant and turmeric plants can be used as learning resources in junior high school betel leaves and seri in people's lives can be used as a reference for learning chemistry, namely to lower cholesterol.The compounds contained in betel leaves and seri can help reduce bad fats in the body.