Initials Abbreviation Online First Frequency DOI E-ISSN P-ISSN Editor in Chief Managing Editor Email Published by Citation Analysis Editorial Address BJIB Bioscientist j. ilm. bosbiol. June 2013 4 Issues per Year (March, June, September, December) Prefix 10.33394 by 2654-4571 2338-5006 Ika Nurani Dewi Agus Muliadi | Taufik Samsuri bioscientist@undikma.ac.id Mandalika University of Education Dimensions | Google Scholar Pemuda Street No. 59A, Catur Building Floor I, Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, managed and published by the Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Mandalika University of Education, Indonesia.
Department of Biology Education, FSTT, Mandalika University of Education, Indonesia.
The Effect of Deep Learning Instruction on the Motivation and Learning Outcomes of Grade 11 Students at SMA IT Nur Hidayah
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a deep learning–oriented instructional approach on the learning motivation and academic achievement of Grade 11 high school students. A quantitative quasi-experimental method was employed using a pretest–posttest control group design. The participants comprised 49 Grade 11 students, including 27 students in the experimental group and 22 students in the control group. Both groups received instruction on the human excretory system; however, the experimental group was taught using a deep learning approach, whereas the control group received instruction using a non-deep-learning approach. Data were collected using a learning motivation questionnaire, a 10-item pretest, and a 20-item posttest. The data were analyzed using the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The findings demonstrated that the deep learning approach significantly improved the cognitive learning outcomes of Grade 11 students at SMA IT Nur Hidayah (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.045), with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicating a more consistent pattern of improvement. In contrast, no substantive difference was observed in learning motivation, with an increase of only 0.11%, which may be attributed to a ceiling effect resulting from the students’ initially high motivation levels. Empirically, this instructional approach was particularly effective in restructuring students’ cognitive understanding of complex subject matter, although it did not produce a substantial affective impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariela Prita Ayuningdyah, Annur indra Kusumadani, Rina Astuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Silico Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Lo’i-Keta Extract Against DNA Gyrase in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of bioactive compounds identified in the methanolic extract of lo’i-keta against DNA gyrase from Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 3G75) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 6M1S) using an in silico approach. Bioactive compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Ligand preparation and molecular docking were subsequently performed using PyRx 0.8, while ligand–protein interactions were visualized using Discovery Studio. Ciprofloxacin was used as the positive control. GC–MS analysis detected 20 compound peaks, of which 13 compounds were validated and included in the docking analysis. Molecular docking results showed that cyclooctacosane exhibited the strongest binding affinity toward the DNA gyrase of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, with binding energies of −8.3 and −8.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These values were more favorable than those of ciprofloxacin, which showed binding affinities of −7.7 and −7.4 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, dioctyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate displayed a residue interaction pattern similar to that of ciprofloxacin within the active site of DNA gyrase. Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) exhibited a more moderate binding affinity but was present at a relatively high abundance in the extract. These findings indicate that several bioactive compounds in lo’i-keta may form stable interactions with DNA gyrase, supporting its potential as a molecular target for antibacterial activity. Based on the in silico results, cyclooctacosane was identified as the leading candidate DNA gyrase inhibitor, while dioctyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate and hexadecanoic acid may serve as supporting candidates for the development of lo’i-keta-based antibacterial agents. This study provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of lo’i-keta; however, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are required to validate these findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Agung Wisnu Pratama, Rozikin, Made Ayu Mirah Wulandari, Resna Hermawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Plant Species Inventory at SMP Negeri 2 Lakea, Buol Regency, and Their Utilization as Learning Media
This study aimed to identify and describe the plant species found on the grounds of SMP Negeri 2 Lakea, Buol Regency, and to develop a digital pocketbook in flipbook format as a contextual learning medium based on local biological resources. An exploratory descriptive method was employed, combining qualitative analysis for plant identification with descriptive quantitative analysis for media validation. Data were collected through surveys and systematic field exploration, direct observation, documentation, and plant identification based on morphological characteristics using relevant literature. The developed medium was validated by content, media, and instructional design experts and evaluated through responses from 30 seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Lakea. The study identified 35 plant species belonging to 20 families and representing four growth forms: herbs, shrubs, bushes, and trees. The recorded species included ornamental, medicinal, and shade plants, as well as naturally occurring wild species. These findings indicate that the school environment has substantial biological resource potential that can be utilized as a contextual learning resource. Based on student responses, the digital pocketbook was considered practical, concise, interactive, and helpful for understanding the learning material. The feasibility assessment yielded scores of 80% from the content expert, 83% from the media expert, 87% from the design expert, and 91% from student responses. The overall mean score was 85%, placing the medium in the highly feasible category. Therefore, the digital pocketbook based on plant diversity at SMP Negeri 2 Lakea is suitable for use as a contextual learning medium integrating local biological potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurhidayah, Musdalifa Nurdin, Lilies, Aan Febriawan, Vita Indri Febriani, Lestari M.P. Alibasyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Association of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Urinary Glucose Levels with Urinary Tract Infections
This study aimed to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and urinary glucose levels with urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients at West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Hospital. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the hospital in October 2025. A total of 104 participants were selected using simple random sampling. BMI data were obtained from medical records based on body weight and height measurements recorded using a weighing scale and stadiometer. Urinary glucose data were retrieved from laboratory records and measured using a Dialab AutoLyser. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, Spearman’s rank correlation for bivariate analysis, and ordinal logistic regression for multivariable analysis. The results showed a significant positive correlation between BMI and UTI category (correlation coefficient = 0.286; p = 0.003). Urinary glucose levels were also significantly and positively correlated with UTI category (correlation coefficient = 0.333; p = 0.001). The multivariable analysis yielded a Nagelkerke R² value of 0.186. BMI was significantly associated with UTI category (p = 0.032; OR = 1.58), as were urinary glucose levels (p = 0.003; OR = 2.80). In conclusion, BMI and urinary glucose levels were significantly associated with urinary tract infection categories among patients at West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Hospital.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Putu Wira Janarda, Pebrian Jauhari, Sabariah, M. Ashabul Kahfi Mathar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
In Vitro Efficacy of Gingerol-Containing Emprit Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Extract Against Fusarium oxysporum
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of emprit ginger (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) extract containing 6-gingerol against Fusarium oxysporum under in vitro conditions and to determine the concentration with the highest inhibitory effect. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with six treatments consisting of a negative control, emprit ginger extract at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 5%, and a synthetic fungicide as the positive control, with five replications for each treatment. The 6-gingerol content was quantified using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while antifungal activity was assessed using the poisoned food technique on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5% significance level. The results revealed that emprit ginger extract contained 6-gingerol at 8.082 µg/mL. Growth inhibition of F. oxysporum increased with increasing extract concentrations, reaching the highest inhibition (56.49%) at 5% extract concentration. Under the tested in vitro conditions, this treatment showed higher inhibition than the positive control (43.26%). The extract also induced morphological alterations, including reduced mycelial density, pigmentation changes, and restricted colony expansion. These findings indicate that emprit ginger extract containing 6-gingerol has potential as a botanical biofungicide candidate for suppressing F. oxysporum. Further validation through in vivo and field-scale studies is required before practical application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jane Maharani, Ruth Meike Jayanti, Sarawinda Hutagalung, Maria Marina Herawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Coconut Husk Liquid Organic Fertilizer on the Vegetative Growth of Bird’s Eye Chili (Capsicum frutescens)
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from coconut husk on the vegetative growth of bird’s eye chili (Capsicum frutescens) using a completely randomized design (CRD). The experiment consisted of five treatment levels with four replications, resulting in a total of 20 experimental units. The treatments included P0 (control), P1 (10%), P2 (15%), P3 (20%), and P4 (25%), each applied at a volume of 250 mL per application on 14, 28, and 42 days after planting. Plant height and the number of leaves were measured at 21, 35, and 49 days after planting. The data were analyzed using normality and homogeneity tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the least significant difference (LSD/BNT) post hoc test. The results demonstrated a highly significant effect of coconut husk-based LOF application, with p-values of 0.002 for plant height and <0.001 for the number of leaves. Among the tested treatments, the 15% LOF concentration (P2) exhibited the most optimal effect in promoting the vegetative growth of bird’s eye chili.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afwan Riyadi, Lestari M.P. Alibasyah, Vita Indri Febriani, Lilies, Gamar B.N. Shamdas, Raya Agni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Induction of Adventitious Roots from Leaf Explants of Talinum fruticosum (L.) Juss. through the Application of Different IBA Concentrations In Vitro
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) concentrations on adventitious root induction from Talinum fruticosum leaf explants under in vitro conditions. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three IBA concentrations (2, 4, and 6 mg/L) and 20 replicates for each treatment. Leaf explants with an approximate diameter of 1.5 cm were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with IBA and observed for approximately 30 days. The evaluated parameters included explant survival percentage, root induction percentage, root initiation time, root number, root length, and root biomass (fresh and dry weight). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that IBA supplementation significantly affected root initiation time, with the fastest root emergence occurring after 8 days, and promoted root elongation, reaching a maximum root length of 1.23 cm. Explant survival and root induction percentages reached 100% in all treatments, indicating no significant differences among IBA concentrations. However, IBA application did not significantly affect root number or root biomass. Among the treatments, 2 mg/L IBA exhibited the best response by accelerating root initiation and increasing root length compared with the other concentrations. Therefore, the application of IBA at 2 mg/L effectively optimized selected parameters associated with adventitious root induction in T. fruticosum under in vitro conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Indah Putri, Zozy Aneloi Noli, M. Idris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Articulate Storyline 3-Based Interactive Media to Enhance Conceptual Understanding of the Immune System among Madrasah Aliyah Students
This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of interactive learning media based on Articulate Storyline 3 for teaching the Immune System topic to eleventh-grade students at Madrasah Aliyah. The developed media integrates learning materials, animations, videos, interactive quizzes, and learning navigation features. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D development model (Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate). The product was tested on 27 eleventh-grade students at MAN 1 Medan. The research instruments included material expert and media expert validation sheets, teacher and student response questionnaires, and conceptual understanding tests. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis through validity, practicality, and N-Gain assessments. The results indicated that the developed media achieved a very high level of validity, with validation scores of 97% from material experts and 99% from media experts. The practicality assessment based on teacher and student responses showed scores of 96% and 96%, respectively, indicating that the media was categorized as highly practical. Students’ average conceptual understanding scores increased from 48.22 in the pretest to 85.70 in the posttest, with an N-Gain score of 0.71, categorized as high. These findings suggest that interactive learning media based on Articulate Storyline 3 has the potential to support students’ conceptual understanding of the Immune System topic. However, this study was limited to a single-class trial involving 27 students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Desi Nurlita, Miza Nina Adlini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Collaborative Project-Based Learning on Students’ Communication Skills at SMP Negeri 4 Palu
This study aimed to analyze the effect of collaborative project-based learning (PjBL) on students’ communication skills at SMP Negeri 4 Palu. A quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design was employed, involving 22 students in the experimental group and 24 students in the control group selected through cluster random sampling. The intervention was implemented through a contextual project, the Eco-Soil Poster Campaign, which involved creating a digital poster campaign promoting soil health conservation within the school environment. Data were collected using a posttest communication skills questionnaire, while a cognitive pretest was administered to verify the initial equivalence of the two groups. The instrument was validated using Aiken’s V and Cronbach’s Alpha. The results revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.018 < 0.05), with the experimental group achieving a higher mean score (75.64%, categorized as Good) than the control group (69.83%, categorized as Fair), accompanied by a moderate effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.724). These findings indicate that collaborative PjBL significantly improves students’ communication skills and can be recommended as an effective instructional strategy for junior high school biology learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Ninik Sunarti, Mursito S. Bialangi, Masrianih, Lestari M.P. Alibasyah, Raya Agni, Astija https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Centrifugation Using 4% NaOH for Acid-Fast Bacilli Detection and Ziehl–Neelsen Smear Quality in Sputum Specimens with Negative Rapid Molecular Test Results
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of centrifugation with 4% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on acid-fast bacilli (AFB) detection using the Ziehl–Neelsen method in sputum specimens with negative Molecular Rapid Test (MRT) results. This laboratory-based experimental study employed a paired design involving 50 sputum specimens with negative MRT results. Each specimen was examined using the Ziehl–Neelsen method before and after centrifugation with 4% NaOH. The primary outcome was the change in AFB detection results, while smear appearance was descriptively assessed based on background clarity and the presence of debris. All specimens (50/50; 100%) remained AFB-negative both before and after centrifugation, indicating that centrifugation with 4% NaOH did not alter AFB detection outcomes. Descriptively, centrifuged smears showed cleaner backgrounds and less debris, which facilitated microscopic examination; however, smear quality was not evaluated using a quantitative scoring system. Therefore, centrifugation with 4% NaOH did not improve AFB detection by the Ziehl–Neelsen method in sputum specimens with negative MRT results. Nevertheless, centrifuged smears appeared visually cleaner during microscopic examination, suggesting a potential benefit for specimen preparation that requires further validation using standardized quantitative assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Annisa Nazla Sahfiya, Ulfayani Mayasari, Leni Widiarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Macrozoobenthos Community Structure in Rivers Receiving Tofu Industry Wastewater in Madiun Regency
This study aimed to analyze the macrozoobenthos community structure in two rivers receiving tofu industry wastewater and to examine its relationship with aquatic environmental conditions. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling at six stations representing upstream, impacted, and recovery zones. Macrozoobenthos community structure was assessed using ecological indices, the Biological Monitoring Working Party–Average Score Per Taxon (BMWP-ASPT), Bray–Curtis similarity analysis with Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) clustering, and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The results showed that stations receiving direct inputs of tofu industry wastewater exhibited greater biological stress than the upstream and recovery zones. This pattern was characterized by the dominance of the family Thiaridae, a taxonomic group tolerant of organic pollution, and lower BMWP-ASPT scores at stations directly receiving wastewater inputs. BMWP-ASPT values indicated biological conditions ranging from lightly to moderately polluted. Bray–Curtis UPGMA analysis revealed clustering of communities according to similarities in community structure among stations. CCA indicated a tendency toward an association between macrozoobenthos community structure and environmental parameters; however, the overall relationship was not statistically significant (p = 0.139). These findings suggest that macrozoobenthos community structure has potential as a biological indicator for rivers receiving tofu industry wastewater, although its association with the measured environmental parameters was not statistically significant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diah Ayu Widya Nastiti, Prabang Setyono, Agung Budiharjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Protein Content Analysis of the Giant Mottled Eel (Anguilla marmorata) from Lake Talaga and Its Development as a Flipbook Learning Medium
This study aimed to analyze the protein content of Anguilla marmorata collected from Lake Talaga, Dampelas District, Donggala Regency, and to explore its potential for development as a learning medium. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed. Protein content was determined using the Biuret method coupled with UV–Vis spectrophotometry, with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) used as the standard. The protein contents obtained from three replicate measurements were 19.61%, 19.37%, and 20.43%, respectively, with a mean value of 19.80% and a range of 19.37–20.43%. These results indicate that the analyzed A. marmorata sample had a relatively high protein content, with consistent values across replicate measurements. The feasibility assessment of the developed flipbook yielded an overall mean score of 87.85%, corresponding to the “highly feasible” category. The content expert, media expert, and design expert assessments were 92.5%, 78.5%, and 88.0%, respectively, while the student response score was 92.4%. Overall, this study provides preliminary information on the protein content of A. marmorata from Lake Talaga and demonstrates the potential of the research findings to be integrated into a flipbook as a contextual learning resource for biology and nutrition-related topics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Misbahun Syudur, Fatmah Dhafir, Abdul Ashari, Masrianih, Rafiqah, Manap Trianto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biological Study of the Oil Palm Pollinating Weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) in Highland and Lowland Areas
This study aimed to analyze the biology of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in lowland and highland environments. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of the Indonesian Oil Palm Institute of Technology, Medan, from March to May 2026. Samples were collected from the Practical Plantation of the Indonesian Oil Palm Institute of Technology, located at an elevation of 14.46 m above sea level and representing the lowland site, and from PTPN IV Bah Birong Ulu Plantation, located at an elevation of 700 m above sea level and representing the highland site. Observations covered all developmental stages, including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. The results showed that E. kamerunicus developed more rapidly in the lowland environment than in the highland environment, as indicated by differences in the duration of the pre-adult stages and adult longevity between the two locations. These differences were presumed to be associated with variations in environmental temperature, which may influence insect metabolic rates and development. The findings provide scientific information that may serve as a basis for the management of E. kamerunicus populations to enhance pollination effectiveness and oil palm productivity under different environmental conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silfana, Makhrani Sari Ginting https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Salicylic Acid Concentration and Elicitation Duration on Total Flavonoid Content in Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Callus Cultures
This study aimed to determine the optimal elicitor concentration and elicitation duration for increasing the total flavonoid content of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) callus cultures. A two-factor completely randomized design (CRD) was employed, with salicylic acid concentration and elicitation duration as the experimental factors. Nine treatment combinations were tested with six replicates each, consisting of salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 20, and 40 ppm applied for 7, 14, and 21 days. The observed parameters included callus morphology (color and texture), callus biomass, and total flavonoid content determined using UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the callus was predominantly compact in texture and green in color. Callus fresh weight differed significantly among treatments (p = 0.008), with the highest value recorded in treatment E2W3 (14 days, 40 ppm), at 0.9367 g. In contrast, callus dry weight did not differ significantly among treatments (p = 0.170). Two-way ANOVA further showed that elicitation duration (p = 0.374), salicylic acid concentration (p = 0.691), and their interaction (p = 0.330) had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on the total flavonoid content of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) callus cultures. Overall, the combination of salicylic acid concentration and elicitation duration significantly affected callus fresh weight but did not significantly influence callus dry weight or total flavonoid content.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afifatul Hidayah, Noor Aini Habibah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Macronutrient Content of Seaweed Noodles (Eucheuma cottonii) and Their Use as a Learning Medium
This study aimed to analyze the macronutrient composition of seaweed noodles (Eucheuma cottonii) formulated with different levels of seaweed flour substitution and to develop the research findings into a poster-based learning medium. A laboratory experiment was conducted using a one-factor completely randomized design (CRD) comprising four treatments: P0 (100% wheat flour:0% seaweed flour), P1 (90%:10%), P2 (80%:20%), and P3 (70%:30%), with three replicates per treatment. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents were determined using the Anthrone, Biuret, and Soxhlet methods, respectively. Macronutrient data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) test. Seaweed flour substitution significantly affected the carbohydrate, protein, and fat contents of the noodles. The carbohydrate contents of P0, P1, P2, and P3 were 56.278%, 71.631%, 68.402%, and 65.490%, respectively. The corresponding protein contents were 4.355%, 7.441%, 6.458%, and 5.337%, while the fat contents were 1.117%, 1.262%, 1.097%, and 0.896%, respectively. Among the tested formulations, P1 exhibited the highest carbohydrate and protein contents. The poster-based learning medium received feasibility scores of 85% from the content expert, 85% from the design expert, 85% from the media expert, and 90% from the student participants, yielding an overall mean score of 86.25% and placing it in the highly feasible category. These findings demonstrate that E. cottonii substitution affects the macronutrient profile of noodles and that the resulting research findings can be effectively developed into a feasible research-based learning medium.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diva Rizky Aria Ningsih, Abd. Hakim Laenggeng, Musdalifah Nurdin, Lilies, Abdul Ashari, Masrianih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Virtual Reality (VR)–Based Learning Media on Grade XI Students’ Learning Outcomes in the Human Respiratory System
This study aimed to examine the effect of Virtual Reality (VR)-based instructional media on students’ learning outcomes in the respiratory system topic among Grade XI students at SMA Has Sepakat. A quantitative approach was employed using a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design. The study involved 40 students, comprising 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group, selected through cluster random sampling. The experimental group received instruction using three-dimensional VR simulations that visualized respiratory organ structures, inspiration–expiration mechanisms, and gas exchange processes, whereas the control group received conventional instruction. Data were collected using a validated and reliable multiple-choice achievement test. Statistical analyses were performed using an independent-samples t-test and effect size calculation with SPSS version 22. The mean pretest score was 30.90 in the control group (SD = 9.049; 95% CI = 26.66–35.14) and 25.40 in the experimental group (SD = 8.708; 95% CI = 21.32–29.48). After the intervention, the mean posttest score increased to 60.00 in the control group (SD = 15.681; 95% CI = 52.66–67.34) and 77.80 in the experimental group (SD = 12.068; 95% CI = 72.15–83.45). The independent-samples t-test indicated a significant difference in posttest learning outcomes between the two groups (t = −4.023, p < 0.001), with a mean difference of −17.800. The effect size was 1.27, indicating a large difference between the groups. These findings suggest that VR-based instruction was associated with higher learning outcomes in the respiratory system topic. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously because the two groups differed in their initial pretest performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nova Indriyani, Rivo Hasper Dimenta, Novi Fitriandika Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antihyperuricemic Activity of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth Ethanol Extract and Its Effects on Relative Kidney Weight in Rats
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanolic extract of Peperomia pellucida in reducing blood uric acid levels while assessing its subchronic effects on relative kidney weight. An in vivo experiment was conducted using 24 male white rats (Rattus norvegicus), which were randomly allocated into six treatment groups (4 rats per group): a normal control (P0), a negative control receiving 0.1% Na-CMC (P1), a positive control receiving allopurinol at 1.8 mg/200 g body weight (BW) (P2), and three groups receiving P. pellucida extract at doses of 100 mg/kg BW (P3), 150 mg/kg BW (P4), and 200 mg/kg BW (P5). Hyperuricemia was induced by intraperitoneal administration of potassium oxonate at 250 mg/kg BW. Treatments were administered daily for 28 days, followed by measurement of final blood uric acid levels using Point-of-Care Testing and determination of the relative kidney organ index. Welch’s ANOVA showed a significant effect of extract administration on the reduction in blood uric acid levels (F(5, 7.739) = 14.630; p = 0.001). ANCOVA further confirmed significant differences in treatment effectiveness among the groups (F(5, 17) = 3.897; p = 0.015). The 200 mg/kg BW dose (P5) produced the greatest reduction in uric acid levels, reaching 46.06 ± 10.80%, and was statistically comparable to the positive allopurinol control (50.95 ± 13.19%; p > 0.05). In contrast, the Kruskal–Wallis test showed no significant differences in the relative kidney organ index among groups (H(5) = 4.262; p = 0.512), with mean values ranging from 0.82 ± 0.06% to 0.96 ± 0.54%. These findings indicate that P. pellucida extract at 200 mg/kg BW effectively reduces blood uric acid levels without causing significant changes in relative kidney weight during 28 days of administration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riska Dewi Rahmawati, Hariyatmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Agronomic Traits and Yield Component Responses of M2 Wheat Genotypes Derived from Gamma-Ray-Induced Mutation under Tropical Highland Conditions
This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and yield components of 25 M2 mutant wheat genotypes generated through gamma-ray irradiation compared with five tropical wheat varieties used as checks. The experiment was conducted at the Salaran Experimental Station, Satya Wacana Christian University, using an augmented randomized complete block design with three replications for the check varieties. The evaluated parameters included agronomic traits and yield components. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level, followed by the critical difference (CD) test to compare individual genotypes with the check varieties. The results revealed variation in the responses of several agronomic traits and yield components, with highly significant differences (p < 0.01) observed only for 100-grain weight (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.70%; range = 3.86–4.96 g). The genotypes GR 2-0, GR 4-0, GR 4-2, GR 4-3, GR 7-3, and GR 7-4 exhibited 100-grain weights ranging from 4.63 to 4.96 g, which were significantly higher than those of most check varieties (CD 5% = 0.09 g). This study indicates that gamma-ray irradiation has the potential to enhance genetic variation in M2 wheat populations, particularly for the 100-grain weight trait as an important yield component. These six genotypes represent promising candidates for further selection in the M3 generation within tropical wheat breeding programs in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grafen Febrich Panarai, Yuniel Melvanolo Zendrato, Theresa Dwi Kurnia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Association Between Hygiene Level Among Diabetic Ulcer Patients and the Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection
This study aimed to analyze the association between hygiene level and the incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in diabetic ulcers. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted. The study included 20 patients with diabetic ulcers at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto, selected using an accidental sampling technique. Bacterial identification was performed through culture on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA), Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. MRSA identification was determined based on cefoxitin susceptibility testing. Hygiene levels were assessed using an observation checklist developed based on wound care principles and WHO guidelines. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s Exact test with a significance level of p < 0.05. Among the 20 patients with diabetic ulcers, MRSA infection was identified in 17 patients (85%), while 3 patients (15%) were not infected with MRSA. In the group with good hygiene practices, 2 patients (10%) were infected with MRSA and 3 patients (15%) were not infected, whereas among patients with poor hygiene practices, 15 patients (75%) were infected with MRSA. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between hygiene level and MRSA infection incidence (p = 0.009). These findings indicate that hygiene practices in diabetic ulcer care are associated with the occurrence of MRSA infection among patients with diabetic ulcers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Windy Lestari, Kurniawan, Arif Mulyanto , Farida Dwi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of an Edpuzzle-Based Learning Video on the Human Digestive System to Enhance Conceptual Understanding among Eleventh-Grade High School Students
This study aimed to develop an Edpuzzle-based instructional video on the human digestive system and evaluate its validity, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students’ conceptual understanding. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D development model, consisting of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. The participants were 25 eleventh-grade students at SMA Negeri 7 Medan. The research instruments included expert validation sheets, teacher and student response questionnaires, and essay tests in the form of pre-tests and post-tests based on Anderson and Krathwohl’s indicators of conceptual understanding, including interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Data were analyzed through validity, practicality, and effectiveness assessments using percentage analysis and N-Gain calculations. The results showed that the Edpuzzle-based instructional video was categorized as highly valid, with validation scores of 98.75% from media experts, 96.25% from material experts, and 94% from assessment experts. The practicality assessment indicated that the developed media was highly practical, with scores of 97.50% based on teacher responses and 98.33% based on student responses. Furthermore, the effectiveness analysis demonstrated an improvement in students’ conceptual understanding, with the average score increasing from 49.52 on the pre-test to 86.04 on the post-test and an N-Gain value of 0.72, categorized as high. Therefore, the Edpuzzle-based instructional video developed in this study is a valid, practical, and effective learning medium that can support students’ conceptual understanding of the human digestive system and provide an innovative alternative for Biology learning in accordance with the needs of modern education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alya Rahma, Rohani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Streptomyces spp. Isolated from the Rhizosphere of Avicennia marina as a Biological Control Agent Against Bacterial Leaf Blight and Their Effects on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Growth
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of three Streptomyces spp. isolates obtained from the rhizosphere of Avicennia marina at the Mangrove Botanical Garden, Surabaya, for suppressing bacterial leaf blight (BLB) development under in vivo conditions and assessing their effects on plant growth. In a previous study, the three Streptomyces spp. isolates (St8, St9, and St19) demonstrated strong inhibitory activity in in vitro assays. The present study was conducted using a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with the first factor consisting of Streptomyces spp. isolates (St8, St9, and St19) and the second factor consisting of biological agent suspension doses (5, 10, and 15 ml plant⁻¹). A diseased control treatment was included for comparison. Each treatment was replicated three times, resulting in a total of 30 experimental units. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software at a 5% significance level. The in vivo efficacy assay showed that the application of Streptomyces spp. isolate St19 at a dose of 5 ml plant⁻¹ only delayed the incubation period of X. oryzae by 1.1 days and was unable to suppress BLB disease severity. The same treatment significantly affected rice tiller number, reaching 13.6 tillers at 56 days after transplanting (DAT), but did not affect plant height throughout the observation period. The results indicate a discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo assay outcomes. The potential of the tested Streptomyces spp. isolates as biological control agents remains limited; however, they showed a significant effect on rice tiller development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azzura Talitha Maulidya Irawan, Yenny Wuryandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Antifungal Activity of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Leaf Extract against Cercospora capsici on Red Curly Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum) In Vitro
This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia) extract at different concentrations in inhibiting the growth of Cercospora capsici, the causal agent of leaf spot disease in red curly chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of seven treatments, including noni leaf extract at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, a negative control (sterile distilled water), and a positive control (0.1% propineb). The research procedures included purification of the Cercospora capsici isolate, preparation of methanolic noni leaf extract, qualitative screening of secondary metabolites, and an in vitro growth inhibition assay using the poisoned food technique. The inhibition data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that noni leaf extract contained alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The inhibition assay showed that the antifungal activity increased with increasing extract concentration. The highest Percentage Inhibition of Radial Growth (PIRG) was observed in the 100% noni leaf extract treatment, with a value of 93.82 ± 0.56%, categorized as very strong inhibition. This value was higher than that of the positive control (0.1% propineb), which exhibited a PIRG value of 47.19 ± 2.52%. These findings indicate that noni leaf extract has strong antifungal activity against Cercospora capsici under in vitro conditions and has potential as a plant-derived antifungal agent. Further studies under in vivo and field conditions are required to confirm its effectiveness in controlling leaf spot disease of red curly chili pepper.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adriano Gunawan, Farah Arhusy Nurbayani, Zian Arikah, Fitra Ari Aditya, Susiana Purwantisari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0