Antibacterial Activity of Combined Clitoria ternatea Flower and Citrus aurantifolia Fruit Extracts Against Shigella dysenteriae and Escherichia coli
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v14i3.22363Keywords:
Antibacteria, Escherichia coli, minimum inhibitory concentration, Shigella dysenteriaeAbstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of combinations of Clitoria ternatea flower and Citrus aurantifolia extracts against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Shigella dysenteriae and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most effective combination. An experimental study was conducted using five treatments with three replicates: P1 (25% C. ternatea : 75% C. aurantifolia), P2 (50% : 50%), P3 (75% : 25%), P4 (100% C. ternatea), and P5 (100% C. aurantifolia). Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method based on inhibition-zone diameters, and the most effective combination was subsequently evaluated using a microdilution assay to determine its MIC against both bacterial species. Among the combination treatments, P1 exhibited the greatest antibacterial activity, producing mean inhibition-zone diameters of 10.17 mm against E. coli and 7.50 mm against S. dysenteriae. The MIC assay indicated that the P1 combination inhibited the growth of both bacterial species at a concentration of 3.125%, based on visual turbidity assessment and microplate-reader measurements. These findings demonstrate that the combination of C. ternatea flower and C. aurantifolia extracts possesses antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative bacterial species, with the 25% C. ternatea : 75% C. aurantifolia formulation showing the strongest activity among the tested combinations. Further studies are needed to confirm its bactericidal activity and elucidate the underlying antibacterial mechanisms.
References
Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Burel, C., Kala, A., & Purevdorj-Gage, L. (2021). Impact of pH on citric acid antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 72(3), 332–340.
Cao, M., Wang, W., Zhang, L., Liu, G., Zhou, X., Li, B., Shi, Y., Zhu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2021). Epidemic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae 1 isolates from calves with diarrhea. BMC Microbiology, 21(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-02050-9
Charurungsipong, P., Tangduangdee, C., Amornraksa, S., Asavasanti, S., & Lin, J. (2020). Improvement of anthocyanin stability in butterfly pea flower extract by co-pigmentation with catechin. E3S Web of Conferences, 141, 03008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014103008
Febrianti, F., Widyasanti, A., & Nurhasanah, S. (2022). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) terhadap bakteri patogen. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 18(2), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.18.2.52508.234-241
Gozali, T., Assalam, S., Ikrawan, Y., & Nurfalia, I. (2023). Optimalisasi formula minuman olahan jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) dengan parameter karekteristik produk. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 23(2), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v23i2.2923
Jeyaraj, E. J., Lim, Y. Y., & Choo, W. S. (2022). Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of Clitoria ternatea flower extracts and anthocyanin-rich fraction. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15321. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-19146-z
Jeyaraj, E. J., Han, M. L., Li, J., & Choo, W. S. (2023). Metabolic perturbations and key pathways associated with the bacteriostatic activity of Clitoria ternatea flower anthocyanin fraction against Escherichia coli. Access Microbiology, 5(6), 000535-v5. https://doi.org/10.26180/21687398.v1
Jubair, N., R, M., Fatima, A., Mahdi, Y. K., & Abdullah, N. H. (2022). Evaluation of catechin synergistic and antibacterial efficacy on biofilm formation and acrA gene expression of uropathogenic E. coli clinical isolates. Antibiotics, 11(9), 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091223
Kadeřábková, N., Mahmood, A. J., & Mavridou, D. A. (2024). Antibiotic susceptibility testing using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. npj Antimicrobials and Resistance, 2(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44259-024-00051-6
Khadse, V., Patwardhan, M., & Joshi, C. (2008). Differential expression of ompC and ompF in multidrug-resistant Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella flexneri by aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos, altering its susceptibility toward β-lactam antibiotics. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, 61(3), 321–328.
Khairunnisa, K., Ramadhani, Y., & Sapada, I. E. (2025). Studi efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol rimpang bangle (Zingiber purpureum Roxb.) terhadap patogen Shigella dysenteriae. Generics: Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 5(1).
Lin, Y., Li, C., Shi, L., & Wang, L. (2023). Anthocyanins: Modified new technologies and challenges. Foods, 12(7), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071368
Mayanti, L., Rahayu, Y. P., Lubis, M. S., & Yuniarti, R. (2023). Analisis cemaran bakteri coliform pada saus jajanan di sekitar sekolah menengah kejuruan di Kota Medan. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 1282–1289.
Patel, D. K., Kumar, R., & Laloo, D. (2016). Natural medicines from plant source used for therapy of dysentery. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 118–126. https://phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-10-20-118.pdf
Prasetya, I. A. W., Aziz, A., Ekawati, E. R., Pradana, M. S., Al Batati, N., & Pratiwi, E. R. (2023). Uji potensi antibakteri ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle terhadap Vibrio sp. Jurnal Sainhealth, 7(1), 9–14.
Pratap, G. M., Manoj, K. M., Sai, S. A., Sujatha, B., & Sreedevi, E. (2012). Evaluation of three medicinal plants for anti-microbial activity. Ayu, 33(3), 423. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.108859
Rahmah, A. F., Arma, U., Lestari, C., Edrizal, E., & Zia, H. K. (2024). Uji zona hambat ekstrak metanol teripang putih (Holothuria scabra) Mentawai terhadap Streptococcus sanguinis pada stomatitis aftosa rekuren secara in vitro: Studi eksperimental. Padjadjaran Journal of Dental Researchers and Students, 8(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.24198/pjdrs.v8i1.52551
Raihan, M. M., & Hossain, M. S. (2022). Isolation, identification and evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity and resistance of Shigella dysenteriae isolated from food, water and soil. Journal of Microbiology and Sustainability, 2(1), 1–10. https://isciencepress.com/journals/index.php/jms/article/view/4/6
Sari, D. I., Wahjuni, R. S., Praja, R. N., Utomo, B., & Wibawati, P. A. (2021). Lime peel liquid (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) inhibit Escherichia coli in vitro. Jurnal Medik Veteriner, 4(1), 63–71.
Syafridah, A. (2022). Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu dengan perilaku penggunaan antibiotik pada balita usia 0–2 tahun di Puskesmas Dewantara Kabupaten Aceh Utara. AVERROUS: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Malikussaleh, 8(2), 51–58.
Waisnawi, P. A. G., Puspawati, G. A. K. D., & Wrasiati, L. P. (2022). Pengaruh penambahan jeruk nipis terhadap pH, total antosianin dan aktivitas antioksidan pada minuman bunga telang. Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Pertanian Agrotechno, 7(1), 89.
Wong, M. L. (2017). Uji aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri kulit buah jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) terhadap Streptococcus pyogenes [Doctoral dissertation, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya].
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitriyah, Rizki Sri Lestari, Ziskino Qurota A’yun, Badzilatun Nada
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
