STRENGTHENING THE TENSION OF SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES BASED LEARNING TO PROMOTING DEMOCRATIC LIFE : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

: Currently, Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) are a learning approach that is widely used by educators, not only helping students to understand a topic but also improving students' scientific literacy skills, such as critical thinking, argumentation skills, and decision-making. Various studies related to SSI have been published but cannot provide specific recommendations for future SSI studies. Therefore, a research systematic review of literature related to SSI was carried out to identify and determine research trends related to SSI as a basis for conducting further SSI studies. In conducting this literature review, we collected SSI-related information from the Google Scholar publication database using socio-scientific issues as search keywords. In collecting and selecting it using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis), 155 articles were found that met the predetermined criteria for further analysis using Vosviewer. From the results of the analysis that has been done, decision-making is an item that has been studied a lot related to SSI. Thus, this item (decision-making) is recommended for further study.

From the description above, we know that SSI has been studied by many researchers using various methods.We do not deny all of this.However, we must understand that the results of studies conducted by researchers regarding SSI have yet to provide specific recommendations regarding topics or themes for further research related to SSI.Therefore, as part of the scientific culture, we need to Picture 3 is a Vosviewer visualization network showing the relationships between items from the 155 articles analyzed, consisting of 87 items with 1354 links.The colour difference in each item indicates each cluster.From the 87 items, some items need to be visible.This is because each item overlaps between items and with every existing link.Then, Picture 4 shows items that are directly related to socio-scientific issues, including epistemic understanding, argumentation skill, complexity, attitude, tool, pre-service science techer, lesson plan, informal reasoning, content knowledge, assessment, decision-making, responsibility, environmental issue, inquiry, training, respect, gmo, interest, science education, and other items.
Furthermore, Picture 5 (overlay visualization) shows items related to SSI that are being studied a lot, marked in yellow, where decision-making is the anchor item.Items in yellow, or related to them, are recommended for further study.In summary, the trend of items related to SSI can be seen in Picture 6, where decision making is related to scientific literacy, argumentation skills, debate, claim, training, multiple perspectives, nos understanding, critical thinking, perception, responsibility, environmental issues, epistemic understanding, and others.
Besides that, we can also visualize the relationship between authors in bibliometric analysis.In this process, we determined the criteria based on the number of documents for each author, namely, at least the author has 3 documents, and there are 21 authors.However, we take the top 10 authors (as shown in Table 1) and based on the relationship between authors (Picture 7), centred on Zeidler, Dana L; and Herman, Benjamin M (10 links).Then, Sadler, Troy D (6 links); Topcu, Mustafa M (5 links), Newton, Mark E (6 links), Atabey, Nejla; and Zangori, Laura (4 links each), Lee, Hyun-Ju; Rundgren, Shu-Nu Chang; Christenson, Nina; Karahan, Engin; and Roehrig, Gillian H (3 links each), and the Table 2 shows the top 10 most cited author.

Publications Fluctuation
In this section, we will describe in general the results of our analysis.The research results related to SSI, which researchers have published, have inspired teachers, lecturers, and other researchers.Considering the number of SSI-related publications in the last 10 years (as shown in Picture 2), 2016 was the year SSIrelated articles were published (22 articles).The specified criteria and the database used strongly influence fluctuations in the number of published articles related to SSI.We do not analyze the method used to study SSI, but regarding this, we can photograph it through an overlay visualization, as shown in Picture 8, it can be said that the quantitative method is a method that is widely used to study SSI.The type of research is generally classified into quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research.As a research method, quantitative research is not only related to laboratories but is also widely used in social sciences, such as education or psychology (Rashid & Sipahi, 2021).In its process, quantitative research uses the rules of deductive logic to test, improve knowledge or solve problems by making systematic, standardized observations and then looking at the relationships between variables from a population.Because quantitative research works on populations, the findings are usually generalized to the entire population, which is one of the strengths of quantitative research.However, on the other hand, quantitative research cannot cover social phenomena (Rahman, 2016).But, in our view, all types of research have advantages and disadvantages.The choice of research method depends on the paradigm used by a researcher and the goals to be achieved (Daniel, 2016).
Researchers with a positivist view consider the world (reality) to be static, so quantitative research is chosen to explain a phenomenon, analyzing the data statistically (Rahman, 2016).Then, researchers who are of the view that humans socially construct reality and can be changed and understood subjectively will tend to choose qualitative methods (Daniel, 2016) to describe and provide a thorough interpretation of the phenomenon under study (Sousa, 2014), this can be done using various methods, such as phenomenology, grounded theory, hermeneutics, ethnography, content analysis, and phenomenography (Bengtsson, 2016).Meanwhile, researchers who think a phenomenon can be explained using two perspectives tend to use mixed methods (Dawadi et al., 2021;Walton, 2016;Warfa, 2016).

Trend Items Related to SSI
From the results of the analysis that has been done, as shown in Picture 6, decision-making is an item that has been studied a lot.As we know, SSI-based learning is context-dependent learning, using controversial issues that occur in life, not an issue that is engineered to be controversial.The use of controversial issues, such as GMOs, cloning, and covid pandemic is expecting students to use their knowledge and participate (both personally and collectively) to solve and make decisions regarding these controversial issues (Gresch et al., 2015).Or in other word, helping students develop the ability to make decisions is a major element in educational goals (Cebesoy & Rundgren, 2021;Fang et al., 2019).
Decision-making related to SSI is not simple, just relying on basic logic (cause and effect) (Sakamoto et al., 2021).However, this kind of process is an essential process in decision-making, looking at the pros and cons aspects of an issue before arriving at a final decision (Fang et al., 2019).In decision-making related to SSI, students must be able to see issues from multiple perspectives (Horin et al., 2023), ongoing inquiries, and exhibiting scepticism when presented potentially biased information (Ha et al., 2022).
Helping students make decisions regarding SSI is helping them not to make decisions intuitively but helping them to make decisions from various alternatives and points of view (Cebesoy & Rundgren, 2021).In short, in making decisions related to SSI, students are not only required to use their knowledge including content knowledge (or conceptual knowledge) (Sakschewski et al., 2014), knowledge about ethics and morality (Steffen & Hößle, 2017), as an essential part of develop arguments and making decisions, they must be able to evaluate solutions critically (Sakamoto et al., 2021), but also in making decisions related to SSI, they are required to use their understanding of the nature of science (NOS), in which the NOS is a tool for obtaining knowledge, constructing arguments, and evaluating evidence (Bilican, 2018), improve students' personal qualities, and improve students' social-scientific skills (Yapıcıoğlu & Kaptan, 2017).
However, the NOS does not always provide assurance in making decisions regarding SSI because NOS is considered declarative knowledge.So, the students experience difficulty applying NOS as part of making decisions related to SSI (Leung, 2020).To solve open-ended or ill-structured problems, students need epistemic understanding (Öztürk & Tuzun, 2016), that is an understanding of knowledge is tentative, there are many methods to solve a problem (Carmona, 2021).Several studies have shown that epistemic understanding correlates with the quality of students' reasoning regarding SSI (Chang et al., 2020).Students who believe that knowledge is tentative are more readily accepting evidence that contradicts with their prior beliefs and knowledge (Leung et al., 2015).Therefore, expecting students to solve problems and make decisions related to SSI, it is recommended for teachers to provide epistemic understanding to students (Baytelman et al., 2020), this really helps students to be more productive in evaluating issues related to SSI from multiple perspectives (Leung, 2020).

Relationship Between Authors
If we pay attention to Table 1, the top 3 authors related to SSI are Sadler, Troy D; Herman, Benjamin M; and Zeidler, Dana L, with 7 documents each.Meanwhile, if we pay attention to Figure 7; Zeidler, Dana L collaborated with many authors.Of course, this provides distinct advantages for Zeidler and other authors.Meanwhile, there are (at least) two categories in this scientific publication, namely single author or co-author, and of course, this benefits the scientific community itself.However, published papers must be available in open access to provide more benefits, allowing other authors to access or cite them (Rodrigues et al., 2020).
Regarding scientific publications (especially articles), there has been a significant increase in author collaboration (Abramo & D'Angelo, 2015;Eberle et al., 2021;Estevez et al., 2022), caused by various factors, including the increasing complexity and interdisciplinary nature of science, increasing production factor costs in research projects, innovations in information and communication technology.Various studies in scientometric literature offer empirical evidence that co-authored publications achieve higher visibility and impact.In addition, being part of the relevant scientific community and collaborating with other researchers is very important for the scientific career development of an author (or researcher) (Eberle et al., 2021).
Collaboration between authors can be understood in two aspects: different authors but from the same country or institution (domestic collaboration) and different authors (both from institutions and countries) or international collaboration.Both forms of author collaboration (domestic and international) positively impact authors.However, international collaboration is even more important in increasing the citation rate far above domestic national collaboration (Bote et al., 2013).Other benefits obtained in collaboration between authors are improved quality of articles, gain much knowledge, authors can learn from another author in the same article (Yeo & Lewis, 2019), increasing the number of citations as they relate to scientific aspects and relevance, and have been used as proxies for evaluating research in different scientific contexts, including institutions (Estevez et al., 2022).

CONCLUSION
From the analysis that has been done, it is concluded that the most published articles related to SSI were in 2016 (22 articles).There were top 10 authors, among which there were 3 most productive authors (Sadler, Troy D; Herman, Benjamin M; and Zeidler, Dana L).In addition, the analysis results also asked us to conclude that decision-making is a trend item related to SSI that has been extensively explored quantitatively.However, it is necessary to understand that SSI (in this case, decision-making as an SSI trend item) is not always studied quantitatively but can also be studied qualitatively and in mixed methods, and this, of course, depends on the paradigm used by the researcher.SSI-based learning as learning that is synonymous with controversial issues, ill-structured, involving various perspectives and solutions, such as GMOs, cloning, and covid-19, is believed to be a means to prepare students to become citizens who are actively involved in maintaining and shaping democratic life by applying his knowledge to make decisions in solving problems that occur in life.

RECOMENDATIONS
A systematic literature review needs to be carried out in an effort to identify and define research themes related to SSI in the future.From the results of the analysis that has been done, future research is recommended to focus on decision-making.Suppose we pay attention to factors related to decision-making, such as content knowledge or conceptual understanding and epistemic understanding (including understanding of NOS).Then, the further studies can be carried out by looking at the relationship between these factors and the ability to make decisions related to SSI.It can also be done by increasing the ability to make decisions related to SSI.In addition, learning resources also have an impact on the quality of decision-making, so developing teaching materials related to SSI becomes something that can be recommended.Furthermore, regarding issues that can be used in further studies, we can use issues that are widely used (such as GMOs, cloning, weather changes, gene therapy, organ transplantation, and other conceptual issues), local issues, and ethical issues (such as abortion).In short, the selection and use of controversial issues are adjusted to the learning topic.

Picture 7 .
Author Relationship Related to SSI.

Table 1 . Top 10 Productive Authors. No. Author Document Affiliation Country
1 Herman, Benjamin M 7 Department of Learning, Teaching and Curriculum, College of Education, University of Missouri.