Publication Trend of R&D in the Journal of Biological Education in Indonesia (Sinta 2: 2017-2021): A Systematic Literature Review

Research on R&D in education is still very much needed. This systematic literature review (SLR) was aimed to analyze the trend of publications in the field of R&D in the journal of biological education in Indonesia. The results of this SLR will illustrate the condition of R&D publications until 2021, both in terms of quantity, quality, and contribution. This systematic literature review adopts five-step guidelines from Denyer and Tranfield. Based on the study results, it can be seen that journals in the field of biology education have published a total of 379. JPBI has published the most articles, as many as 206 articles. Specifically, in the field of R&D, JPBI has published 37 articles on R&D. This shows a good contribution to the development of science and technology, especially in terms of products produced by R&D. There are 9 models used, and the dominant ones used are 3D Thiagarajan, ADDIE, and Borg & Gall. In general, 61% of articles do not consistently carry out the stages of the R&D model used. The dominant keyword used is "Education". These keywords are often used in conjunction with several other keywords. The results show that R&D has been widely used to develop products that support education. Most of the R&D carried out by experts is focused on high school and college levels, which are 45% and 40%, respectively.


INTRODUCTION
Research and Development (R&D), is a form of research that is innovative, productive, and meaningful (Haviz, 2016), generally now widely used in the world of education (Hidayat, 2018). R&D is oriented to produce innovative works that are very useful for their respective educational institutions (Zuriyani, 2014). R&D refers to innovative activities undertaken to develop new services or products or improve existing services or existing products. R&D is the first stage of developing a potential new service or production process (Embedded Artistry, 2022). Since the 1980s, the R&D method was coined out by Borg and Gall as a model design for educational research (Gustiani, 2019).
R&D is a process used to develop and validate educational products (Borg & Gall, 1983). R&D is a systematic study of the process of designing, developing, and evaluating "interventions" (programs, teaching and learning strategies and their tools, products, and systems) as solutions to complex problems in practical education, and also has the aim of increasing knowledge about characteristics of the "intervention" and the design and development process (Gay et al., 2009;Plomp, 2007;Richey & Klein, 2007). Productoriented R&D that is widely used in education (Borg & Gall, 2003) and the improvement of and identify published articles systematically, which in each process follow standard (defined) steps (Siswanto, 2010;Triandini et al., 2019), to avoid bias and subjectivity (Jahan et al., 2016;Mengist et al., 2020;Pati & Lorusso, 2017).

Step 1: question formulation
This step is to define the scope to develop a clear focus. This study proposes and attempts to address the following questions (from 2017 to 2021). This research question was made based on the needs of the selected topics, namely: RQ1: What is the trend of publication of JPBI, Biosfer JPB, and Bioedukatika for five years (2017-2021)? RQ2: What is the trend of types, number of published R&D for 5 years (2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021), and how are the authors' consistency in following all stages of development according to the selected R&D model? RQ3 What is the trend of keywords that are often used, and are they related to the theme of environmental education? RQ4: How do R&D articles contribute to the education level?
Step 2: locating studies This step is to locate, select, assess and list the core contributions related to the review questions. The target of this research is R&D-type articles. This keyword is used to track related/appropriate articles published by three biology education journals in Indonesia accredited by the relevant ministry (as evidenced by the existence of a certificate as a SINTA 2 journal) until 2021. The search process uses the search menu at the journal's website address. JPBI (Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia)-hereinafter referred to as "JPBI", Biosfe: Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi-hereinafter referred to as "Biosfer JPB" and Jurnal Bioedukatikahereinafter referred to as Bioedukatika. The data obtained is stored in PDF and *RIS formats, then synchronized into the Reference Manager (Mendeley). VOS-viewer software is used to visualize the data so that it is more clear and communicative.

Step 3: study selection and evaluation
This stage is carried out to ensure that the data obtained are appropriate for use in SLR studies or not. The study standards that meet the requirements are as follows: (1). The data used are from the last five years of publication (2017-2021); (2) articles published in English; (3) Full paper can be accessed; and (4) related to R&D. Explicit selection criteria were applied for the inclusion and exclusion of relevant studies to maintain the transparency of the process (Figure 1). In the first phase, titles and abstracts of 379 articles were read in the first screening. These articles were published by JPBI, JPB Biosphere, and Bioedukatika from 2017-2021 and have been indexed in the SINTA database. In the second phase, we only use manuscripts published in English. All documents that did not meet the selection criteria were excluded; 305 articles remained for the next selection process (74 articles excluded). In the third phase, we only selected articles in the form of R&D. We omitted other types of articles, so there are 56 articles (249 articles excluded).  Based on Figure 2, it is known that in the last five years, there were 379 articles published by the three journals. JPBI published the most articles, with 206 articles. Meanwhile, Biosfer JPB published 100 articles, and Bioedukatika published 73 articles. JPBI publishes relatively consistent articles for each issue. There have been several changes to the number of articles, but the information is submitted in the "journal history". The purpose of the change is to improve quality. Biosfer JPB and Bioedukatika tend to be inconsistent regarding the number of articles published, sometimes more, sometimes less. These finding shows that the role of the editorial board or journal management is not good because it shows a lack of professionalism in managing the journal (not consistent as a publisher). According to RISTEK-BRIN (2020), a good journal will maintain the consistency of the writing standards that have been set. The role and cooperation of the editor team are necessary to maintain the consistency of publications. In addition, several things can be used to measure the performance of a journal, one of which is the Publication Output (Scholarly Output), concerning how much journal productivity is, how much impact or citation the journal gets, and how large the number of articles that the journal can publish. Trends in the number, type, and consistency of the use of published R&D models The number of R&D articles published by JPBI, Biosfer JPB, and Bioedukatikais shown in Figure 3. Based on Figure 3, it is known that JPBI published 37 articles on R&D during the last five years, while Biosfer JPB and Bioedukatika were 11 and 8, respectively. This shows a good contribution to the developof product of science and technology, that generated by R&D.

Figure 3. Number of published R&D articles 2017-2021
Education and R&D innovation are two activities that should always go hand in hand to ensure the progress of any country. Firstly, investing in knowledge and secondly turning this knowledge into greater welfare for society with the power of better products/outcomes and services at lower costs (Cosmen, 2013).
The trends in R&D model used by the author and the consistency in implementing the model are presented in Table 1. Based on Table 1, it is known that the authors use 9 models. The dominant one used is 4D Thiagarajan (Thiagarajan et al., 1974) a total of 22 articles (39%), ADDIE (Branch, 2009) a total of 14 aticles (25%), and Borg and Gall a total of 10 articles (18%). The results of this study are in line with the results of Ridho (2018) which shows that the most significant development model used by researchers in research methods is the 4D Thiagarajan model with a percentage of 18% with a total of 97 articles, while from the results of content analysis that researchers do in the R&D research method, many research models are not listed in the Paper Classification. Form (PCF) so that the results of the analysis show that other R&D models show a fairly high percentage, namely 13.587% with a total of 75 articles, the Borg and Gall model with a percentage of 8% with a total of 44 articles, while the plomp model is the model in the most research method. little used by researchers in the field of biological education/learning in Indonesia with a percentage of 0.40% with a number of articles 2 of the total research methods analyzed.
The ADDIE model is also widely used. This is in line with Cahyadi (2019) that one of the R&D designs that is often used is ADDIE. The ADDIE model is a system design model that shows the basic stages of the system that are easy to do. The ADDIE model is often used because the quality of the resulting product tends to be valid or quality. The development process requires several times of testing by a team of experts, individual research subjects, on a limited scale and on a wide scale (in the field) and revisions in order to improve the final product so that although the development procedure is shortened, it includes the process of testing and revision so that the product developed meets the good product criteria, empirically tested, and no more mistakes.
However, due to its linearity in several areas of education, the R&D model by Borg and Gall has been applied and widely.. It serves as a model for R&D in education at all levels. The ten steps defined by Borg and Gall are often modified by the authors, for no apparent reason. Several alternatives are also applied in education studies, but only a few are used as references (Gustiani, 2019). Based on the study results that showed in Table 1, it can be seen that, in general, from 56 articles, there are 34 articles (61%) that do not consistently implement the stages of the R&D model used. 91% of the authors using the Thiagarajan 4D model did not consistently follow each step, 29% of the authors using the ADDIE model did not consistently follow each step, and 80% of the authors who used the Borg and Gall model did not consistently follow each step.Based on this data, it can be said that many author(s) are inconsistent in following the steps that have been set. In Indonesia, there is a habit of authors who "cut" or "amputate" the model with unclear reasons. Some of them try to justify, but sometimes it shows that they are "lazy" or weak. Of course, this is a bad trend, especially since there is a tendency for other authors (especially novice authors) to imitate it. This is reasonable considering that the pattern is published in an accredited journal.
Some authors also use the model inconsistently. For example, an author says that he uses the ADDIE Model, but the references used are Dick and Carey. The ADDIE model and the Dick and Carey model are two different things. Dick & Carey's instructional design model (the Systems Approach Model) is a nine or 10 step process for planning and designing effective learning initiatives (Dick et al., 2005). According to The World of Work Project (2019) this model does include all five stages of the ADDIE model, but it also adds further depth and structure. This model also focuses on design and less on implementation than the ADDIE model. The Dick and Carey model builds on iterative development through ongoing revision of instructions.
We can say that some articles experienced a poor article review process (lack of depth), both by reviewers and the editorial board. The review does not cover the essentials of R&D which is related to the model they use. The author(s) 'habits' of mixing models should be recognized by reviewers/editors. The next weakness is that the author(s) are not optimal in several ways, such as (1) not revealing the resulting product/model in relation to the related theories; (2) does not review the position of findings/products/models compared to similar ones that other researchers have produced; (3) there is no transfer of "what next" ideas based on unique findings, obstacles in implementing the R&D model stages, or obstacles in this development research (which can be signs for future researchers).

Trending frequently used keywords
The trend of keywords that authors often use in their articles is presented in Figure 4. Based on Figure 4, it can be seen that the most used keyword is "Education". These keywords are often used in conjunction with several other keywords, such as biology, ecological concept, environmental education, atlas, biochemistry, archaebacteria, antimicrobials, local wisdom, Macromedia flash, human reproduction system, learning media, diversity, and posters. This shows that R&D has been widely used to develop products that support education.

Figure 4. Trending keywords used in articles
R&D in education is a type of research that aims to produce products for learning that begins with needs analysis, product development, product evaluation, revision, and product dissemination or dissemination (Purnama, 2016). Through R&D, problems that exist in education can be expressed, and solutions are sought. In addition, through R&D, it is also possible to develop and apply new, more innovative things in education (Hanafi, 2017).
The use of R&D will enrich existing research, and little by little, problems will be resolved (Purnama, 2016). Products produced through R&D in the field of education (in the development of learning innovations) are expected to increase education productivity, namely graduates who are large in number, qualified, and relevant to the needs (Silalahi, 2017).
R&D is one of the six main areas of responsibility of teachers, which is frequent. As such, teachers play an important role in helping to realize the government's goal in education to increase access and use of high-quality products by teachers. Therefore, teachers are trained in understanding and implementing R&D (Walker, 2017).
Like any other area of life, education also faces many challenges in this rapidly changing era. To overcome these challenges, development in the field of education is a must, which can be done as well as possible through research. R&D activities can help develop existing curricula, tools, media, learning materials, teaching methodologies and techniques, and current assessment systems. R&D leads to innovation that climed to becrucial element for the success of any educational institution. R&D involves two main types of research based on objectives. It systematically combines basic and applied research and aims to find solutions to problems or create new educational products. It involves researching the market and student needs and developing new and better products and services to suit these needs (Gulzar, 2015).

Contribution of Article R&D for Education Level
An overview of the contribution of R&D articles to the level of education, as presented in Table 2. Based on Table 2, it can be stated that the majority of R&D carried out by experts is focused on high school and higher education, which are 45% and 40%, respectively. Meanwhile, for junior high school level only 13%, and elementary school only 2%. This shows experts or researchers' high interest in developing educational products in high schools and universities. This condition demands the attention of the government, especially the ministry of education to support R&D in educational institutions. According to (Hanafi, 2017), this is remembering that R&D in the education and social fields is still very small at less than 1% of the total cost of education. This is considered one of the main reasons why progress in the field of education has lagged slightly compared to other fields. Junior high school 7 13 4 Elementary school 1 2 One of the reasons why R&D is so important is that educational institutions are superior. R&D enables educational institutions to collect data and information, use cuttingedge and useful technology, and then produce products or services for their consumers (Aliya, 2021), this includes students. R&D is a process to develop new products or improve existing products. Products are not always in the form of hardware, such as books, modules, laboratory equipment, but also software, such as computer data processing programs, classroom learning, training, guidance, and evaluation (Putih, 2016). Especially at the secondary school level, research in the field of curriculum implementation can be carried out by developing an educational product and seeking to discover new knowledge regarding fundamental phenomena and educational practices. Therefore, it is very appropriate to use the R&D method. The reason for using the R&D method in curriculum development research is to overcome the gap between the results of basic theoretical research and applied research that is practical. The product produced from this R&D can be in the form of hardware or software that has certain characteristics. These characteristics are a combination of a number of concepts, principles, assumptions, hypotheses, and procedures regarding something that has been found or resulted from basic research (Rosana, 2008).

CONCLUSION
Journals in the field of biology education that has been accredited at SINTA 2 level in the last five years have published a total of 379. JPBI has published the most articles, which is 206 articles. Specifically, in the field of R&D, JPBI has published 37 articles on R&D over the past 5 years, while Biosfer JPB and Bioedukatika are 11 and 8, respectively. This shows a good contribution,, especially in terms of products. generated by R&D. the authors use 9 models, and the dominant ones used are 4D Thiagarajan,ADDIE,and Borg & Gall. In general, if we add up 56 articles, there are 61% articles that do not consistently carry out the stages or steps of the R&D model used. The dominant keyword used is "Education". These keywords are often used in conjunction with several other keywords, such as biology, ecological concept, environmental education, atlas, biochemistry, archaebacteria, antimicrobials, local wisdom, macromedia flash, human reproduction system, learning media, diversity, and posters. This shows that R&D has been widely used to develop products that support education. Most of the R&D carried out by experts is focused on high school and college levels, which are 45% and 40% respectively. Meanwhile, for junior high school level only 13%, and elementary school only 2%.

RECOMMENDATION
This SLR has limitations, namely, this research is generally based on limited journals, namely only JPBI, Biosfer JPB, and Bioedukatika. In fact, there are several other educational journals, which, although they do not focus on biological education, may accept articles in biology education. Therefore, SLR focused on the R&D aspect in educational journals is needed to further enrich the insights of readers and researchers interested in this field. This study is also focused on the journal SINTA 2. It is very possible that journals that still have a lower SINTA level but have been indexed by DOAJ (internationally) also publish articles on R&D. Thus, a broader and comprehensive study is still needed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thank you very much to the Dean of Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FTTE)-Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM) and the Director of Directorate Research and Community Service of UMM, who has assisted in this study, both morally and materially.